Andreas Geiger (MPI Tübingen) | Philip Lenz (KIT) | Christoph Stiller (KIT) | Raquel Urtasun (University of Toronto)

Object Detection Evaluation 2012


The object detection and object orientation estimation benchmark consists of 7481 training images and 7518 test images, comprising a total of 80.256 labeled objects. All images are color and saved as png. For evaluation, we compute precision-recall curves for object detection and orientation-similarity-recall curves for joint object detection and orientation estimation. In the latter case not only the object 2D bounding box has to be located correctly, but also the orientation estimate in bird's eye view is evaluated. To rank the methods we compute average precision and average orientation similiarity. We require that all methods use the same parameter set for all test pairs. Our development kit provides details about the data format as well as MATLAB / C++ utility functions for reading and writing the label files.

We evaluate object detection performance using the PASCAL criteria and object detection and orientation estimation performance using the measure discussed in our CVPR 2012 publication. For cars we require an overlap of 70%, while for pedestrians and cyclists we require an overlap of 50% for a detection. Detections in don't care areas or detections which are smaller than the minimum size do not count as false positive. Difficulties are defined as follows:

  • Easy: Min. bounding box height: 40 Px, Max. occlusion level: Fully visible, Max. truncation: 15 %
  • Moderate: Min. bounding box height: 25 Px, Max. occlusion level: Partly occluded, Max. truncation: 30 %
  • Hard: Min. bounding box height: 25 Px, Max. occlusion level: Difficult to see, Max. truncation: 50 %

All methods are ranked based on the moderately difficult results. Note that for the hard evaluation ~2 % of the provided bounding boxes have not been recognized by humans, thereby upper bounding recall at 98 %. Hence, the hard evaluation is only given for reference.
Note 1: On 25.04.2017, we have fixed a bug in the object detection evaluation script. As of now, the submitted detections are filtered based on the min. bounding box height for the respective category which we have been done before only for the ground truth detections, thus leading to false positives for the category "Easy" when bounding boxes of height 25-39 Px were submitted (and to false positives for all categories if bounding boxes smaller than 25 Px were submitted). We like to thank Amy Wu, Matt Wilder, Pekka Jänis and Philippe Vandermersch for their feedback. The last leaderboards right before the changes can be found here!

Important Policy Update: As more and more non-published work and re-implementations of existing work is submitted to KITTI, we have established a new policy: from now on, only submissions with significant novelty that are leading to a peer-reviewed paper in a conference or journal are allowed. Minor modifications of existing algorithms or student research projects are not allowed. Such work must be evaluated on a split of the training set. To ensure that our policy is adopted, new users must detail their status, describe their work and specify the targeted venue during registration. Furthermore, we will regularly delete all entries that are 6 months old but are still anonymous or do not have a paper associated with them. For conferences, 6 month is enough to determine if a paper has been accepted and to add the bibliography information. For longer review cycles, you need to resubmit your results.
Additional information used by the methods
  • Stereo: Method uses left and right (stereo) images
  • Flow: Method uses optical flow (2 temporally adjacent images)
  • Multiview: Method uses more than 2 temporally adjacent images
  • Laser Points: Method uses point clouds from Velodyne laser scanner
  • Additional training data: Use of additional data sources for training (see details)

Car


Method Setting Code Moderate Easy Hard Runtime Environment
1 THU CV-AI 91.97 % 91.96 % 84.57 % 0.38 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
2 DH-ARI 91.48 % 90.87 % 82.25 % 4s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
3 HRI-SH 90.71 % 91.34 % 84.28 % 3.6 s GPU @ >3.5 Ghz (Python + C/C++)
4 BM-NET 90.50 % 90.81 % 83.92 % 0.5 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (Python + C/C++)
5 MVRA + I-FRCNN+ 90.36 % 90.78 % 80.48 % 0.18 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
6 TuSimple code 90.33 % 90.77 % 82.86 % 1.6 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (Python + C/C++)
F. Yang, W. Choi and Y. Lin: Exploit all the layers: Fast and accurate cnn object detector with scale dependent pooling and cascaded rejection classifiers. Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition 2016.
K. He, X. Zhang, S. Ren and J. Sun: Deep residual learning for image recognition. Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition 2016.
7 RRC code 90.23 % 90.61 % 87.44 % 3.6 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
J. Ren, X. Chen, J. Liu, W. Sun, J. Pang, Q. Yan, Y. Tai and L. Xu: Accurate Single Stage Detector Using Recurrent Rolling Convolution. CVPR 2017.
8 CFENet 90.22 % 90.33 % 84.85 % 4 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (Python + C/C++)
9 MMF
This method makes use of Velodyne laser scans.
 90.17 % 91.82 % 88.54 % 0.08 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
10 PC-CNN-V2
This method makes use of Velodyne laser scans.
 90.15 % 90.79 % 87.58 % 0.5 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (Matlab + C/C++)
X. Du, M. Ang, S. Karaman and D. Rus: A General Pipeline for 3D Detection of Vehicles. 2018 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA) 2018.
11 EM-FPS 90.15 % 90.61 % 84.01 % 0.15 s GPU @ 1.5 Ghz (Python + C/C++)
12 SJTU-HW 90.08 % 90.81 % 79.98 % 0.85s GPU @ 1.5 Ghz (Python + C/C++)
S. Zhang, X. Zhao, L. Fang, F. Haiping and S. Haitao: LED: LOCALIZATION-QUALITY ESTIMATION EMBEDDED DETECTOR. IEEE International Conference on Image Processing 2018.
L. Fang, X. Zhao and S. Zhang: Small-objectness sensitive detection based on shifted single shot detector. Multimedia Tools and Applications 2018.
13 MDC
This method makes use of Velodyne laser scans.
 90.03 % 90.72 % 80.87 % 0.17 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
14 Deep MANTA 90.03 % 97.25 % 80.62 % 0.7 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (Python + C/C++)
F. Chabot, M. Chaouch, J. Rabarisoa, C. Teulière and T. Chateau: Deep MANTA: A Coarse-to-fine Many-Task Network for joint 2D and 3D vehicle analysis from monocular image. CVPR 2017.
15 sensekitti code 90.00 % 90.76 % 81.83 % 4.5 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (Python + C/C++)
B. Yang, J. Yan, Z. Lei and S. Li: Craft Objects from Images. CVPR 2016.
16 F-PointNet
This method makes use of Velodyne laser scans.
 code 90.00 % 90.78 % 80.80 % 0.17 s GPU @ 3.0 Ghz (Python)
C. Qi, W. Liu, C. Wu, H. Su and L. Guibas: Frustum PointNets for 3D Object Detection from RGB-D Data. arXiv preprint arXiv:1711.08488 2017.
17 ECV-NET 89.93 % 90.61 % 81.81 % 0.4 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
18 Det-RGBD
This method uses stereo information.
 89.91 % 90.55 % 80.67 % 0.58 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (Python + C/C++)
19 ART-Det 89.89 % 95.18 % 80.03 % 0.067s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (Python + C/C++)
20 FNV2 89.88 % 90.51 % 80.66 % 0.18 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
21 MBR-SSD 89.82 % 90.32 % 82.28 % 4.0 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (Python + C/C++)
22 PointRCNN
This method makes use of Velodyne laser scans.
 89.75 % 90.77 % 80.98 % 0.2 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (Python + C/C++)
S. Shi, X. Wang and H. Li: PointRCNN: 3D Object Proposal Generation and Detection from Point Cloud. arXiv preprint arXiv:1812.04244 2018.
23 SINet+ code 89.73 % 90.51 % 77.82 % 0.3 s TITAN X GPU
X. Hu, X. Xu, Y. Xiao, H. Chen, S. He, J. Qin and P. Heng: SINet: A Scale-insensitive Convolutional Neural Network for Fast Vehicle Detection. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems 2018.
24 Fast Point R-CNN V2
This method makes use of Velodyne laser scans.
 89.71 % 90.59 % 88.13 % 0.06 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (Python + C/C++)
25 Alibaba-AILabsX
This method makes use of Velodyne laser scans.
 89.69 % 90.59 % 80.83 % 0.2 s GPU @ >3.5 Ghz (Python)
26 AILabs3D
This method makes use of Velodyne laser scans.
 89.68 % 90.57 % 80.67 % 0.6 s GPU @ >3.5 Ghz (Python)
27 SINet_VGG code 89.56 % 90.60 % 78.19 % 0.2 s TITAN X GPU
X. Hu, X. Xu, Y. Xiao, H. Chen, S. He, J. Qin and P. Heng: SINet: A Scale-insensitive Convolutional Neural Network for Fast Vehicle Detection. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems 2018.
28 Patches
This method makes use of Velodyne laser scans.
 89.53 % 90.75 % 87.50 % 0.15 s GPU @ 2.0 Ghz
29 Fast Point R-CNN
This method makes use of Velodyne laser scans.
 89.51 % 90.58 % 87.89 % 0.06 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (Python + C/C++)
30 DH-ARI 89.47 % 90.31 % 84.78 % 0.2 s 1 core @ >3.5 Ghz (Python + C/C++)
31 SDP+RPN 89.42 % 89.90 % 78.54 % 0.4 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (Python + C/C++)
F. Yang, W. Choi and Y. Lin: Exploit All the Layers: Fast and Accurate CNN Object Detector with Scale Dependent Pooling and Cascaded Rejection Classifiers. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition 2016.
S. Ren, K. He, R. Girshick and J. Sun: Faster R-CNN: Towards real-time object detection with region proposal networks. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 2015.
32 VAT-Net 89.41 % 90.69 % 79.97 % 1 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (Python + C/C++)
33 IPOD 89.30 % 90.20 % 87.37 % 0.2 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (Python + C/C++)
Z. Yang, Y. Sun, S. Liu, X. Shen and J. Jia: IPOD: Intensive Point-based Object Detector for Point Cloud. arXiv preprint arXiv:1812.05276 2018.
34 MVX-Net
This method makes use of Velodyne laser scans.
 89.25 % 90.43 % 80.47 % 0.06 s GPU @ 3.0 Ghz (Python + C/C++)
35 ITVD code 89.23 % 90.57 % 79.31 % 0.3 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
Y. Wei Liu: Improving Tiny Vehicle Detection in Complex Scenes. IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo (ICME) 2018.
36 PointPillars
This method makes use of Velodyne laser scans.
 89.22 % 90.33 % 87.04 % 16 ms 1080ti GPU and Intel i7 CPU
37 CONV-BOX
This method makes use of Velodyne laser scans.
 89.20 % 90.35 % 87.88 % 0.2 s Tesla V100
38 VCTNet 89.20 % 89.60 % 80.04 % 0.02 s GPU @ 1.5 Ghz (C/C++)
39 4D-MSCNN+CRL
This method uses stereo information.
 89.19 % 90.32 % 76.26 % 0.2 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (Matlab + C/C++)
40 Tencent_ADlab_Lidar
This method makes use of Velodyne laser scans.
 89.17 % 90.43 % 85.82 % 0.1 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (Python + C/C++)
41 Sogo_MM 89.17 % 90.80 % 79.58 % 1.5 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
42 MV3D
This method makes use of Velodyne laser scans.
 89.17 % 90.53 % 80.16 % 0.36 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (Python + C/C++)
X. Chen, H. Ma, J. Wan, B. Li and T. Xia: Multi-View 3D Object Detection Network for Autonomous Driving. CVPR 2017.
43 SINet_PVA code 89.08 % 90.44 % 75.85 % 0.11 s TITAN X GPU
X. Hu, X. Xu, Y. Xiao, H. Chen, S. He, J. Qin and P. Heng: SINet: A Scale-insensitive Convolutional Neural Network for Fast Vehicle Detection. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems 2018.
44 SECOND-V1.5
This method makes use of Velodyne laser scans.
 code 89.06 % 90.52 % 80.40 % 0.04 s GPU @ 2.0 Ghz (Python + C/C++)
45 AtrousDet 89.01 % 90.25 % 78.98 % 0.05 s TITAN X
46 CLA 88.99 % 90.51 % 75.50 % 0.3 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (Matlab + C/C++)
47 InNet 88.95 % 90.26 % 79.46 % 0.16 s GPU @ 3.5 Ghz (Python + C/C++)
48 SubCNN 88.86 % 90.75 % 79.24 % 2 s GPU @ 3.5 Ghz (Python + C/C++)
Y. Xiang, W. Choi, Y. Lin and S. Savarese: Subcategory-aware Convolutional Neural Networks for Object Proposals and Detection. IEEE Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision (WACV) 2017.
49 Deep3DBox 88.86 % 90.47 % 77.60 % 1.5 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
A. Mousavian, D. Anguelov, J. Flynn and J. Kosecka: 3D Bounding Box Estimation Using Deep Learning and Geometry. CVPR 2017.
50 MonoPSR 88.84 % 90.18 % 71.44 % 0.2 s GPU @ 3.5 Ghz (Python)
51 MS-CNN code 88.83 % 90.46 % 74.76 % 0.4 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
Z. Cai, Q. Fan, R. Feris and N. Vasconcelos: A Unified Multi-scale Deep Convolutional Neural Network for Fast Object Detection. ECCV 2016.
52 RoarNet
This method makes use of Velodyne laser scans.
 code 88.80 % 90.69 % 79.46 % 0.1 s GPU @ >3.5 Ghz (Python + C/C++)
K. Shin, Y. Kwon and M. Tomizuka: RoarNet: A Robust 3D Object Detection based on RegiOn Approximation Refinement. arXiv preprint arXiv:1811.03818 2018.
53 RCN-resnet101 88.75 % 89.08 % 79.97 % 0.3 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (Python + C/C++)
54 DeepStereoOP 88.75 % 90.34 % 79.39 % 3.4 s GPU @ 3.5 Ghz (Matlab + C/C++)
C. Pham and J. Jeon: Robust Object Proposals Re-ranking for Object Detection in Autonomous Driving Using Convolutional Neural Networks. Signal Processing: Image Communiation 2017.
55 SAG-Net 88.61 % 89.25 % 79.72 % 0.2 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (Python + C/C++)
56 Stereo R-CNN
This method uses stereo information.
 88.59 % 90.06 % 71.37 % 0.4 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
57 PP_v1.0 code 88.57 % 90.41 % 84.23 % 0.02s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
58 ARPNET 88.44 % 90.26 % 79.86 % 0.08 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (Python + C/C++)
59 SECOND code 88.40 % 90.40 % 80.21 % 38 ms 1080Ti
Y. Yan, Y. Mao and B. Li: SECOND: Sparsely Embedded Convolutional Detection. Sensors 2018.
60 3DOP
This method uses stereo information.
 code 88.34 % 90.09 % 78.79 % 3s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (Matlab + C/C++)
X. Chen, K. Kundu, Y. Zhu, A. Berneshawi, H. Ma, S. Fidler and R. Urtasun: 3D Object Proposals for Accurate Object Class Detection. NIPS 2015.
61 DA 88.23 % 90.45 % 74.21 % 0.08 s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
62 MM-MRFC
This method uses optical flow information.
This method makes use of Velodyne laser scans.
 88.20 % 90.93 % 78.02 % 0.05 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
A. Costea, R. Varga and S. Nedevschi: Fast Boosting based Detection using Scale Invariant Multimodal Multiresolution Filtered Features. CVPR 2017.
63 AVOD
This method makes use of Velodyne laser scans.
 code 88.08 % 89.73 % 80.14 % 0.08 s Titan X (pascal)
J. Ku, M. Mozifian, J. Lee, A. Harakeh and S. Waslander: Joint 3D Proposal Generation and Object Detection from View Aggregation. IROS 2018.
64 cas+res+soft 88.00 % 89.82 % 77.66 % 0.2 s 4 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
65 SeoulRobotics-HFD
This method makes use of Velodyne laser scans.
 87.86 % 90.02 % 79.95 % 0.05 s GPU @ 2.0 Ghz (Python + C/C++)
66 Mono3D code 87.86 % 90.27 % 78.09 % 4.2 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (Matlab + C/C++)
X. Chen, K. Kundu, Z. Zhang, H. Ma, S. Fidler and R. Urtasun: Monocular 3D Object Detection for Autonomous Driving. CVPR 2016.
67 merge12-12 87.81 % 89.88 % 77.42 % 0.2 s 4 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
68 DFD 87.78 % 90.02 % 79.78 % 0.05 s GPU @ 2.0 Ghz (Python + C/C++)
69 AVOD-FPN
This method makes use of Velodyne laser scans.
 code 87.44 % 89.99 % 80.05 % 0.1 s Titan X (Pascal)
J. Ku, M. Mozifian, J. Lee, A. Harakeh and S. Waslander: Joint 3D Proposal Generation and Object Detection from View Aggregation. IROS 2018.
70 SECA 87.42 % 89.57 % 79.43 % 0.09 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
71 SCANet 87.31 % 89.34 % 79.30 % 0.09s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
72 ODES code 87.10 % 86.82 % 78.32 % 0.02 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
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73 ELLIOT
This method makes use of Velodyne laser scans.
 86.98 % 90.20 % 81.41 % 0.1 s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
74 cas_retina 86.23 % 89.53 % 75.77 % 0.2 s 4 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
75 cascadercnn 85.86 % 84.21 % 69.57 % 0.36 s 4 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
76 ReSqueeze 85.74 % 87.12 % 77.02 % 0.03 s GPU @ >3.5 Ghz (Python)
77 NLK 85.56 % 89.00 % 79.34 % 0.02 s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
78 anm 85.33 % 90.11 % 76.55 % 3 s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
79 IoU_DCRCNN 84.48 % 87.68 % 76.70 % 0.66 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
80 cas_retina_1_13 84.43 % 89.22 % 75.39 % 0.03 s 4 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
81 YOLOv3+d 84.13 % 84.30 % 76.34 % 0.04 s GPU @ 1.5 Ghz (C/C++)
82 cascade_gw 82.24 % 81.09 % 67.95 % 0.2 s 4 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
83 LPN 81.67 % 87.70 % 72.69 % 0.2 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (Python + C/C++)
84 A3DODWTDA (image) code 81.54 % 76.21 % 66.85 % 0.8 s GPU @ 3.0 Ghz (Python)
F. Gustafsson and E. Linder-Norén: Automotive 3D Object Detection Without Target Domain Annotations. 2018.
85 SDP+CRC (ft) 81.33 % 90.39 % 70.33 % 0.6 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
F. Yang, W. Choi and Y. Lin: Exploit All the Layers: Fast and Accurate CNN Object Detector with Scale Dependent Pooling and Cascaded Rejection Classifiers. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition 2016.
86 ResNet-RRC w/RGBD 81.09 % 89.91 % 71.78 % 0.057 s GPU @ 1.5 Ghz (Python + C/C++)
87 ResNet-RRC (Adv. HW) 81.00 % 89.89 % 71.56 % 0.06 s GPU @ 1.5 Ghz (Python + C/C++)
88 X_MD 80.65 % 89.81 % 79.66 % 0.2 s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (Python + C/C++)
89 FNV1_Fusion 80.41 % 89.37 % 79.03 % 0.11 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
90 FNV1_RPN 80.41 % 89.44 % 79.14 % 0.12 s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (Python + C/C++)
91 Cmerge 80.25 % 89.83 % 70.76 % 0.2 s 4 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
92 SS3D 80.11 % 89.15 % 70.52 % 88 ms Tesla V100 (Python)
93 SECA 80.05 % 89.26 % 78.80 % 1 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
94 VSE 80.05 % 89.26 % 78.80 % 0.15 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
95 MV3D (LIDAR)
This method makes use of Velodyne laser scans.
 79.76 % 89.80 % 78.61 % 0.24 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (Python + C/C++)
X. Chen, H. Ma, J. Wan, B. Li and T. Xia: Multi-View 3D Object Detection Network for Autonomous Driving. CVPR 2017.
96 BS3D 79.71 % 89.09 % 69.93 % 0.02 s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
97 ZKNet 79.62 % 89.89 % 70.03 % 0.01 s GPU @ 2.0 Ghz (Python)
98 RFCN_RFB 79.45 % 83.85 % 67.51 % 0.2 s 4 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
99 Complexer-YOLO
This method makes use of Velodyne laser scans.
 79.31 % 88.11 % 79.11 % 0.06 s GPU @ 3.5 Ghz (C/C++)
100 FNV1 79.28 % 88.45 % 77.14 % 0.11 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
101 RefineNet 79.21 % 90.16 % 65.71 % 0.20 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (Matlab + C++)
R. Rajaram, E. Bar and M. Trivedi: RefineNet: Refining Object Detectors for Autonomous Driving. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Vehicles 2016.
R. Rajaram, E. Bar and M. Trivedi: RefineNet: Iterative Refinement for Accurate Object Localization. Intelligent Transportation Systems Conference 2016.
102 retinanetkitti 79.18 % 85.90 % 70.04 % 1.5 s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
103 softretina 79.15 % 89.36 % 69.24 % 0.16 s 4 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
104 Faster R-CNN code 79.11 % 87.90 % 70.19 % 2 s GPU @ 3.5 Ghz (Python + C/C++)
S. Ren, K. He, R. Girshick and J. Sun: Faster R-CNN: Towards Real- Time Object Detection with Region Proposal Networks. NIPS 2015.
105 detectron code 78.96 % 88.14 % 69.74 % 0.01 s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
106 FRCNN+Or code 78.95 % 89.87 % 68.97 % 0.09 s Titan Xp GPU
C. Guindel, D. Martin and J. Armingol: Fast Joint Object Detection and Viewpoint Estimation for Traffic Scene Understanding. IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Magazine 2018.
C. Guindel, D. Martin and J. Armingol: Joint Object Detection and Viewpoint Estimation using CNN features. IEEE International Conference on Vehicular Electronics and Safety (ICVES) 2017.
107 Resnet101Faster rcnn 78.93 % 87.97 % 69.80 % 1 s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
108 Retinanet100 78.85 % 89.83 % 68.73 % 0.2 s 4 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
109 SeRC 78.33 % 88.28 % 69.36 % 0.5 s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
110 avodC 77.54 % 86.86 % 70.00 % 0.1 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
111 spLBP 77.39 % 80.16 % 60.59 % 1.5 s 8 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (Matlab + C/C++)
Q. Hu, S. Paisitkriangkrai, C. Shen, A. Hengel and F. Porikli: Fast Detection of Multiple Objects in Traffic Scenes With a Common Detection Framework. IEEE Trans. Intelligent Transportation Systems 2016.
112 SceneNet 77.34 % 87.90 % 68.38 % 0.03 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
113 CLF3D
This method makes use of Velodyne laser scans.
 77.00 % 84.51 % 67.81 % 0.13 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
114 MTDP 76.91 % 84.24 % 67.91 % 0.15 s GPU @ 2.0 Ghz (Python)
115 Reinspect code 76.65 % 88.36 % 66.56 % 2s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
R. Stewart, M. Andriluka and A. Ng: End-to-End People Detection in Crowded Scenes. CVPR 2016.
116 Regionlets 76.56 % 86.50 % 59.82 % 1 s >8 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
X. Wang, M. Yang, S. Zhu and Y. Lin: Regionlets for Generic Object Detection. T-PAMI 2015.
W. Zou, X. Wang, M. Sun and Y. Lin: Generic Object Detection with Dense Neural Patterns and Regionlets. British Machine Vision Conference 2014.
C. Long, X. Wang, G. Hua, M. Yang and Y. Lin: Accurate Object Detection with Location Relaxation and Regionlets Relocalization. Asian Conference on Computer Vision 2014.
117 AOG code 75.97 % 85.58 % 60.96 % 3 s 4 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (Matlab)
T. Wu, B. Li and S. Zhu: Learning And-Or Models to Represent Context and Occlusion for Car Detection and Viewpoint Estimation. TPAMI 2016.
B. Li, T. Wu and S. Zhu: Integrating Context and Occlusion for Car Detection by Hierarchical And-Or Model. ECCV 2014.
118 3D FCN
This method makes use of Velodyne laser scans.
 75.83 % 85.54 % 68.30 % >5 s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
B. Li: 3D Fully Convolutional Network for Vehicle Detection in Point Cloud. IROS 2017.
119 3D-SSMFCNN code 75.78 % 75.51 % 67.75 % 0.1 s GPU @ 1.5 Ghz (C/C++)
L. Novak: Vehicle Detection and Pose Estimation for Autonomous Driving. 2017.
120 3DVP code 75.77 % 81.46 % 65.38 % 40 s 8 cores @ 3.5 Ghz (Matlab + C/C++)
Y. Xiang, W. Choi, Y. Lin and S. Savarese: Data-Driven 3D Voxel Patterns for Object Category Recognition. IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition 2015.
121 Pose-RCNN 75.74 % 88.89 % 61.86 % 2 s >8 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
M. Braun, Q. Rao, Y. Wang and F. Flohr: Pose-RCNN: Joint object detection and pose estimation using 3D object proposals. Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC), 2016 IEEE 19th International Conference on 2016.
122 SubCat code 75.46 % 81.45 % 59.71 % 0.7 s 6 cores @ 3.5 Ghz (Matlab + C/C++)
E. Ohn-Bar and M. Trivedi: Learning to Detect Vehicles by Clustering Appearance Patterns. T-ITS 2015.
123 multi-task CNN 75.21 % 83.45 % 66.89 % 25.1 ms GPU @ 2.0 Ghz (Python)
M. Oeljeklaus, F. Hoffmann and T. Bertram: A Fast Multi-Task CNN for Spatial Understanding of Traffic Scenes. IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Conference 2018.
124 A3DODWTDA
This method makes use of Velodyne laser scans.
 code 74.71 % 78.21 % 66.70 % 0.08 s GPU @ 3.0 Ghz (Python)
F. Gustafsson and E. Linder-Norén: Automotive 3D Object Detection Without Target Domain Annotations. 2018.
125 FD2 74.68 % 87.14 % 65.70 % 0.01 s GPU @ >3.5 Ghz (Python + C/C++)
126 BdCost+ 74.07 % 83.02 % 59.06 % TBD s 4 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (Matlab/C++)
127 RFCN 73.56 % 80.70 % 61.94 % 0.2 s 4 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
128 3DVSSD 73.39 % 84.39 % 65.64 % 0.06 s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
129 bin 73.31 % 76.05 % 63.76 % 15ms s GPU @ >3.5 Ghz (Python)
130 yolo800 73.00 % 76.45 % 64.68 % 0.13 s 4 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
131 ResNet-RRC (Noised) 71.81 % 78.97 % 63.57 % .057 s GPU @ 1.5 Ghz (Python + C/C++)
132 Int-YOLO code 70.65 % 74.76 % 63.70 % 0.03 s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
ERROR: Wrong syntax in BIBTEX file.
133 MV-RGBD-RF
This method makes use of Velodyne laser scans.
 69.92 % 76.49 % 57.47 % 4 s 4 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
A. Gonzalez, D. Vazquez, A. Lopez and J. Amores: On-Board Object Detection: Multicue, Multimodal, and Multiview Random Forest of Local Experts.. IEEE Trans. on Cybernetics 2016.
A. Gonzalez, G. Villalonga, J. Xu, D. Vazquez, J. Amores and A. Lopez: Multiview Random Forest of Local Experts Combining RGB and LIDAR data for Pedestrian Detection. IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV) 2015.
134 AOG-View 69.89 % 84.29 % 57.25 % 3 s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (Matlab, C/C++)
B. Li, T. Wu and S. Zhu: Integrating Context and Occlusion for Car Detection by Hierarchical And-Or Model. ECCV 2014.
135 ROI-10D 69.64 % 75.33 % 61.18 % 0.2 s GPU @ 3.5 Ghz (Python)
136 fasterrcnn 68.76 % 73.64 % 59.72 % 0.2 s 4 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
137 MF3D 68.72 % 88.46 % 58.70 % 0.03 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
138 Vote3Deep
This method makes use of Velodyne laser scans.
 68.39 % 76.95 % 63.22 % 1.5 s 4 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
M. Engelcke, D. Rao, D. Zeng Wang, C. Hay Tong and I. Posner: Vote3Deep: Fast Object Detection in 3D Point Clouds Using Efficient Convolutional Neural Networks. ArXiv e-prints 2016.
139 PL
This method uses stereo information.
 67.96 % 85.08 % 59.55 % 0.4 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
140 GPVL 67.89 % 77.76 % 58.23 % 10 s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
141 RFBnet 67.86 % 82.31 % 59.95 % 0.2 s 4 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
142 Fast-SSD 67.17 % 83.89 % 59.09 % 0.06 s GTX650Ti
143 BdCost48LDCF code 67.08 % 77.93 % 51.15 % 0.5 s 8 cores @ 3.5 Ghz (Matlab + C/C++)
A. Fernández-Baldera, J. Buenaposada and L. Baumela: BAdaCost: Multi-class Boosting with Costs . Pattern Recognition 2018.
144 VoxelNet(Unofficial) 66.77 % 65.64 % 60.74 % 0.5 s GPU @ 2.0 Ghz (Python)
145 OC-DPM 66.45 % 76.16 % 53.70 % 10 s 8 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (Matlab)
B. Pepik, M. Stark, P. Gehler and B. Schiele: Occlusion Patterns for Object Class Detection. IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) 2013.
146 DPM-VOC+VP 66.25 % 80.45 % 49.86 % 8 s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
B. Pepik, M. Stark, P. Gehler and B. Schiele: Multi-view and 3D Deformable Part Models. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence (TPAMI) 2015.
147 BdCost48-25C 65.95 % 78.21 % 51.23 % 4 s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
148 PL
This method uses stereo information.
 65.93 % 78.51 % 57.77 % 0.4 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
149 MDPM-un-BB 64.20 % 77.32 % 50.18 % 60 s 4 core @ 2.5 Ghz (MATLAB)
P. Felzenszwalb, R. Girshick, D. McAllester and D. Ramanan: Object Detection with Discriminatively Trained Part-Based Models. PAMI 2010.
150 PDV-Subcat 63.15 % 77.33 % 49.75 % 7 s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
J. Shen, X. Zuo, J. Li, W. Yang and H. Ling: A novel pixel neighborhood differential statistic feature for pedestrian and face detection . Pattern Recognition 2017.
151 Lidar_ROI+Yolo(UJS) 62.71 % 70.58 % 55.17 % 0.1 s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
152 GNN 62.59 % 76.03 % 50.18 % 0.2 s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
153 DPM-C8B1
This method uses stereo information.
 60.99 % 74.95 % 47.16 % 15 s 4 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (Matlab + C/C++)
J. Yebes, L. Bergasa and M. García-Garrido: Visual Object Recognition with 3D-Aware Features in KITTI Urban Scenes. Sensors 2015.
J. Yebes, L. Bergasa, R. Arroyo and A. Lázaro: Supervised learning and evaluation of KITTI's cars detector with DPM. IV 2014.
154 SubCat48LDCF code 60.53 % 78.16 % 43.66 % 0.5 s 8 cores @ 3.5 Ghz (Matlab + C/C++)
A. Fernández-Baldera, J. Buenaposada and L. Baumela: BAdaCost: Multi-class Boosting with Costs . Pattern Recognition 2018.
155 SA-3D
This method makes use of Velodyne laser scans.
 59.14 % 69.84 % 49.62 % 0.3 s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
156 SAMME48LDCF code 58.50 % 76.22 % 47.50 % 0.5 s 8 cores @ 3.5 Ghz (Matlab + C/C++)
A. Fernández-Baldera, J. Buenaposada and L. Baumela: BAdaCost: Multi-class Boosting with Costs . Pattern Recognition 2018.
157 BirdNet
This method makes use of Velodyne laser scans.
 57.47 % 78.18 % 56.66 % 0.11 s Titan Xp GPU
J. Beltran, C. Guindel, F. Moreno, D. Cruzado, F. Garcia and A. Escalera: BirdNet: a 3D Object Detection Framework from LiDAR information. arXiv preprint arXiv:1805.01195 2018.
158 100Frcnn 57.47 % 81.09 % 48.37 % 2 s 4 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (Python + C/C++)
159 LSVM-MDPM-sv 57.44 % 71.70 % 46.58 % 10 s 4 cores @ 3.0 Ghz (C/C++)
P. Felzenszwalb, R. Girshick, D. McAllester and D. Ramanan: Object Detection with Discriminatively Trained Part-Based Models. PAMI 2010.
A. Geiger, C. Wojek and R. Urtasun: Joint 3D Estimation of Objects and Scene Layout. NIPS 2011.
160 LSVM-MDPM-us code 56.10 % 70.52 % 42.87 % 10 s 4 cores @ 3.0 Ghz (C/C++)
P. Felzenszwalb, R. Girshick, D. McAllester and D. Ramanan: Object Detection with Discriminatively Trained Part-Based Models. PAMI 2010.
161 ACF-SC 55.76 % 69.76 % 46.27 % <0.3 s 1 core @ >3.5 Ghz (Matlab + C/C++)
C. Cadena, A. Dick and I. Reid: A Fast, Modular Scene Understanding System using Context-Aware Object Detection. Robotics and Automation (ICRA), 2015 IEEE International Conference on 2015.
162 VeloFCN
This method makes use of Velodyne laser scans.
 53.45 % 70.68 % 46.90 % 1 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (Python + C/C++)
B. Li, T. Zhang and T. Xia: Vehicle Detection from 3D Lidar Using Fully Convolutional Network. RSS 2016 .
163 ACF 52.81 % 62.82 % 43.89 % 0.2 s 1 core @ >3.5 Ghz (Matlab + C/C++)
P. Doll\'ar, R. Appel, S. Belongie and P. Perona: Fast Feature Pyramids for Object Detection. PAMI 2014.
P. Doll\'ar: Piotr's Image and Video Matlab Toolbox (PMT). .
164 TopNet-HighRes
This method makes use of Velodyne laser scans.
 48.87 % 59.77 % 43.15 % 101ms NVIDIA GeForce 1080 Ti (tensorflow-gpu)
S. Wirges, T. Fischer, C. Stiller and J. Frias: Object Detection and Classification in Occupancy Grid Maps Using Deep Convolutional Networks. 2018 21st International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC) 2018.
165 Vote3D
This method makes use of Velodyne laser scans.
 48.05 % 56.66 % 42.64 % 0.5 s 4 cores @ 2.8 Ghz (C/C++)
D. Wang and I. Posner: Voting for Voting in Online Point Cloud Object Detection. Proceedings of Robotics: Science and Systems 2015.
166 Multimodal Detection
This method makes use of Velodyne laser scans.
 code 46.77 % 64.04 % 39.38 % 0.06 s GPU @ 3.5 Ghz (Matlab + C/C++)
A. Asvadi, L. Garrote, C. Premebida, P. Peixoto and U. Nunes: Multimodal vehicle detection: fusing 3D- LIDAR and color camera data. Pattern Recognition Letters 2017.
167 softyolo 45.77 % 62.82 % 39.77 % 0.16 s 4 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
168 rpn 43.99 % 65.47 % 36.33 % 0.01 s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
169 RT3D
This method makes use of Velodyne laser scans.
 39.71 % 49.96 % 41.47 % 0.09 s GPU @ 1.8Ghz
Y. Zeng, Y. Hu, S. Liu, J. Ye, Y. Han, X. Li and N. Sun: RT3D: Real-Time 3-D Vehicle Detection in LiDAR Point Cloud for Autonomous Driving. IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters 2018.
170 KD53-20 37.82 % 52.30 % 32.71 % 0.19 s 4 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
171 DT3D 35.98 % 49.23 % 31.78 % 0,21s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
172 Licar
This method makes use of Velodyne laser scans.
 33.89 % 41.60 % 35.17 % 0.09 s GPU @ 2.0 Ghz (Python)
173 CSoR
This method makes use of Velodyne laser scans.
 code 26.13 % 35.24 % 22.69 % 3.5 s 4 cores @ >3.5 Ghz (Python + C/C++)
L. Plotkin: PyDriver: Entwicklung eines Frameworks für räumliche Detektion und Klassifikation von Objekten in Fahrzeugumgebung. 2015.
174 R-CNN_VGG 26.04 % 32.23 % 20.93 % 10 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (Matlab + C/C++)
175 FCN-Depth code 25.66 % 50.55 % 24.95 % 1 s GPU @ 1.5 Ghz (Matlab + C/C++)
176 mBoW
This method makes use of Velodyne laser scans.
 23.76 % 37.63 % 18.44 % 10 s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
J. Behley, V. Steinhage and A. Cremers: Laser-based Segment Classification Using a Mixture of Bag-of-Words. Proc. of the IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS) 2013.
177 DepthCN
This method makes use of Velodyne laser scans.
 code 23.21 % 37.59 % 18.00 % 2.3 s GPU @ 3.5 Ghz (Matlab)
A. Asvadi, L. Garrote, C. Premebida, P. Peixoto and U. Nunes: DepthCN: vehicle detection using 3D- LIDAR and convnet. IEEE ITSC 2017.
178 DLnet 20.30 % 23.46 % 17.96 % 0.3 s 4 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
179 YOLOv2 code 19.31 % 28.37 % 15.94 % 0.02 s GPU @ 3.5 Ghz (C/C++)
J. Redmon, S. Divvala, R. Girshick and A. Farhadi: You only look once: Unified, real-time object detection. Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition 2016.
J. Redmon and A. Farhadi: YOLO9000: Better, Faster, Stronger. Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition 2017.
180 TopNet-DecayRate
This method makes use of Velodyne laser scans.
 0.04 % 0.04 % 0.04 % 92 ms NVIDIA GeForce 1080 Ti (tensorflow-gpu)
S. Wirges, T. Fischer, C. Stiller and J. Frias: Object Detection and Classification in Occupancy Grid Maps Using Deep Convolutional Networks. 2018 21st International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC) 2018.
181 SN-net 0.00 % 0.00 % 0.00 % 0.8 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (Python + C/C++)
182 JSyolo 0.00 % 0.00 % 0.00 % 0.16 s 4 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
Table as LaTeX | Only published Methods

Pedestrian


Method Setting Code Moderate Easy Hard Runtime Environment
1 Alibaba-CityBrain 80.90 % 88.13 % 74.08 % 1.5 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (Python + C/C++)
2 ExtAtt 79.63 % 87.95 % 74.78 % 1.2 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (Python + C/C++)
3 DH-ARI 78.29 % 87.43 % 69.91 % 3.6 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (Python + C/C++)
4 EM-FPS 77.61 % 84.93 % 72.52 % 0.15 s GPU @ 1.5 Ghz (Python + C/C++)
5 F-PointNet
This method makes use of Velodyne laser scans.
 code 77.25 % 87.81 % 74.46 % 0.17 s GPU @ 3.0 Ghz (Python)
C. Qi, W. Liu, C. Wu, H. Su and L. Guibas: Frustum PointNets for 3D Object Detection from RGB-D Data. arXiv preprint arXiv:1711.08488 2017.
6 TuSimple code 77.04 % 86.78 % 72.40 % 1.6 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (Python + C/C++)
F. Yang, W. Choi and Y. Lin: Exploit all the layers: Fast and accurate cnn object detector with scale dependent pooling and cascaded rejection classifiers. Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition 2016.
K. He, X. Zhang, S. Ren and J. Sun: Deep residual learning for image recognition. Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition 2016.
7 Argus_detection_v1 75.51 % 83.49 % 71.24 % 0.25 s GPU @ 1.5 Ghz (C/C++)
8 RRC code 75.33 % 84.16 % 70.39 % 3.6 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
J. Ren, X. Chen, J. Liu, W. Sun, J. Pang, Q. Yan, Y. Tai and L. Xu: Accurate Single Stage Detector Using Recurrent Rolling Convolution. CVPR 2017.
9 VCTNet 75.22 % 85.49 % 71.55 % 0.02 s GPU @ 1.5 Ghz (C/C++)
10 MHN 74.60 % 85.81 % 68.94 % 0.39 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
11 ECP Faster R-CNN 74.27 % 84.12 % 70.06 % 0.25 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
M. Braun, S. Krebs, F. Flohr and D. Gavrila: The EuroCity Persons Dataset: A Novel Benchmark for Object Detection. CoRR 2018.
12 SJTU-HW 74.24 % 85.42 % 69.34 % 0.85s GPU @ 1.5 Ghz (Python + C/C++)
S. Zhang, X. Zhao, L. Fang, F. Haiping and S. Haitao: LED: LOCALIZATION-QUALITY ESTIMATION EMBEDDED DETECTOR. IEEE International Conference on Image Processing 2018.
L. Fang, X. Zhao and S. Zhang: Small-objectness sensitive detection based on shifted single shot detector. Multimedia Tools and Applications 2018.
13 CLA 74.03 % 84.26 % 68.45 % 0.3 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (Matlab + C/C++)
14 ECV-NET 73.74 % 84.58 % 66.35 % 0.4 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
15 BOE_IOT_AIBD 73.73 % 84.67 % 68.71 % 0.8 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
16 MS-CNN code 73.62 % 83.70 % 68.28 % 0.4 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
Z. Cai, Q. Fan, R. Feris and N. Vasconcelos: A Unified Multi-scale Deep Convolutional Neural Network for Fast Object Detection. ECCV 2016.
17 retinanetkitti 73.40 % 82.94 % 69.04 % 1.5 s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
18 SAITv1 72.61 % 84.79 % 67.94 % 0.15 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
19 Sogo_MM 71.84 % 83.45 % 67.00 % 1.5 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
20 GN 71.55 % 80.73 % 64.82 % 1 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (Matlab + C/C++)
S. Jung and K. Hong: Deep network aided by guiding network for pedestrian detection. Pattern Recognition Letters 2017.
21 SubCNN 71.34 % 83.17 % 66.36 % 2 s GPU @ 3.5 Ghz (Python + C/C++)
Y. Xiang, W. Choi, Y. Lin and S. Savarese: Subcategory-aware Convolutional Neural Networks for Object Proposals and Detection. IEEE Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision (WACV) 2017.
22 IVA code 70.63 % 83.03 % 64.68 % 0.4 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
Y. Zhu, J. Wang, C. Zhao, H. Guo and H. Lu: Scale-adaptive Deconvolutional Regression Network for Pedestrian Detection. ACCV 2016.
S. Ren, K. He, R. Girshick and J. Sun: Faster R-CNN: Towards real-time object detection with region proposal networks. Advances in neural information processing systems 2015.
23 SDP+RPN 70.20 % 79.98 % 64.84 % 0.4 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (Python + C/C++)
F. Yang, W. Choi and Y. Lin: Exploit All the Layers: Fast and Accurate CNN Object Detector with Scale Dependent Pooling and Cascaded Rejection Classifiers. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition 2016.
S. Ren, K. He, R. Girshick and J. Sun: Faster R-CNN: Towards real-time object detection with region proposal networks. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 2015.
24 MM-MRFC
This method uses optical flow information.
This method makes use of Velodyne laser scans.
 69.96 % 82.37 % 64.76 % 0.05 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
A. Costea, R. Varga and S. Nedevschi: Fast Boosting based Detection using Scale Invariant Multimodal Multiresolution Filtered Features. CVPR 2017.
25 MDC
This method makes use of Velodyne laser scans.
 69.58 % 86.37 % 68.44 % 0.17 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
26 MonoPSR 68.91 % 85.93 % 60.83 % 0.2 s GPU @ 3.5 Ghz (Python)
27 HBA-RCNN 68.26 % 77.76 % 62.86 % 0.4 s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
28 DA 67.89 % 79.91 % 64.83 % 0.08 s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
29 3DOP
This method uses stereo information.
 code 67.46 % 82.36 % 64.71 % 3s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (Matlab + C/C++)
X. Chen, K. Kundu, Y. Zhu, A. Berneshawi, H. Ma, S. Fidler and R. Urtasun: 3D Object Proposals for Accurate Object Class Detection. NIPS 2015.
30 DeepStereoOP 67.32 % 82.50 % 65.14 % 3.4 s GPU @ 3.5 Ghz (Matlab + C/C++)
C. Pham and J. Jeon: Robust Object Proposals Re-ranking for Object Detection in Autonomous Driving Using Convolutional Neural Networks. Signal Processing: Image Communiation 2017.
31 sensekitti code 67.28 % 80.12 % 62.25 % 4.5 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (Python + C/C++)
B. Yang, J. Yan, Z. Lei and S. Li: Craft Objects from Images. CVPR 2016.
32 ODES code 67.25 % 77.95 % 62.28 % 0.02 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
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33 Mono3D code 66.66 % 77.30 % 63.44 % 4.2 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (Matlab + C/C++)
X. Chen, K. Kundu, Z. Zhang, H. Ma, S. Fidler and R. Urtasun: Monocular 3D Object Detection for Autonomous Driving. CVPR 2016.
34 Faster R-CNN code 65.91 % 78.35 % 61.19 % 2 s GPU @ 3.5 Ghz (Python + C/C++)
S. Ren, K. He, R. Girshick and J. Sun: Faster R-CNN: Towards Real- Time Object Detection with Region Proposal Networks. NIPS 2015.
35 AtrousDet 65.18 % 77.19 % 58.14 % 0.05 s TITAN X
36 SDP+CRC (ft) 64.25 % 77.81 % 59.31 % 0.6 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
F. Yang, W. Choi and Y. Lin: Exploit All the Layers: Fast and Accurate CNN Object Detector with Scale Dependent Pooling and Cascaded Rejection Classifiers. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition 2016.
37 PCN 63.48 % 77.88 % 58.59 % 0.6 s
38 Pose-RCNN 63.38 % 77.69 % 57.42 % 2 s >8 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
M. Braun, Q. Rao, Y. Wang and F. Flohr: Pose-RCNN: Joint object detection and pose estimation using 3D object proposals. Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC), 2016 IEEE 19th International Conference on 2016.
39 CFM 63.26 % 74.21 % 56.44 % <2 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (Matlab + C/C++)
Q. Hu, P. Wang, C. Shen, A. Hengel and F. Porikli: Pushing the Limits of Deep CNNs for Pedestrian Detection. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology 2017.
40 IPOD 63.07 % 73.28 % 56.71 % 0.2 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (Python + C/C++)
Z. Yang, Y. Sun, S. Liu, X. Shen and J. Jia: IPOD: Intensive Point-based Object Detector for Point Cloud. arXiv preprint arXiv:1812.05276 2018.
41 ALV303 61.77 % 69.13 % 54.54 % 0.2 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (Matlab + C/C++)
42 RPN+BF code 61.29 % 75.58 % 56.08 % 0.6 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (Matlab + C/C++)
L. Zhang, L. Lin, X. Liang and K. He: Is Faster R-CNN Doing Well for Pedestrian Detection?. ECCV 2016.
43 ReSqueeze 61.25 % 72.78 % 57.43 % 0.03 s GPU @ >3.5 Ghz (Python)
44 Regionlets 61.16 % 72.96 % 55.22 % 1 s >8 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
X. Wang, M. Yang, S. Zhu and Y. Lin: Regionlets for Generic Object Detection. T-PAMI 2015.
W. Zou, X. Wang, M. Sun and Y. Lin: Generic Object Detection with Dense Neural Patterns and Regionlets. British Machine Vision Conference 2014.
C. Long, X. Wang, G. Hua, M. Yang and Y. Lin: Accurate Object Detection with Location Relaxation and Regionlets Relocalization. Asian Conference on Computer Vision 2014.
45 merge12-12 60.66 % 78.15 % 58.67 % 0.2 s 4 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
46 cascadercnn 60.64 % 77.88 % 52.69 % 0.36 s 4 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
47 cas+res+soft 60.60 % 77.96 % 58.56 % 0.2 s 4 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
48 bin 60.54 % 70.13 % 56.55 % 15ms s GPU @ >3.5 Ghz (Python)
49 cas_retina 60.30 % 77.71 % 58.34 % 0.2 s 4 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
50 cas_retina_1_13 59.87 % 77.11 % 57.81 % 0.03 s 4 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
51 anm 59.21 % 75.51 % 56.49 % 3 s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
52 CompACT-Deep 58.73 % 69.70 % 52.69 % 1 s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (Matlab + C/C++)
Z. Cai, M. Saberian and N. Vasconcelos: Learning Complexity-Aware Cascades for Deep Pedestrian Detection. ICCV 2015.
53 DeepParts 58.68 % 70.46 % 52.73 % ~1 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (Matlab)
Y. Tian, P. Luo, X. Wang and X. Tang: Deep Learning Strong Parts for Pedestrian Detection. ICCV 2015.
54 AVOD-FPN
This method makes use of Velodyne laser scans.
 code 58.42 % 67.32 % 57.44 % 0.1 s Titan X (Pascal)
J. Ku, M. Mozifian, J. Lee, A. Harakeh and S. Waslander: Joint 3D Proposal Generation and Object Detection from View Aggregation. IROS 2018.
55 LPN 58.18 % 70.54 % 54.18 % 0.2 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (Python + C/C++)
56 SA-3D
This method makes use of Velodyne laser scans.
 57.40 % 68.11 % 50.09 % 0.3 s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
57 Tencent_ADlab_Lidar
This method makes use of Velodyne laser scans.
 57.23 % 66.08 % 55.10 % 0.1 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (Python + C/C++)
58 FilteredICF 57.12 % 69.05 % 51.46 % ~ 2 s >8 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (Matlab + C/C++)
S. Zhang, R. Benenson and B. Schiele: Filtered Channel Features for Pedestrian Detection. CVPR 2015.
59 ZKNet 57.11 % 70.20 % 52.15 % 0.01 s GPU @ 2.0 Ghz (Python)
60 RFCN 56.91 % 71.17 % 50.06 % 0.2 s 4 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
61 FRCNN+Or code 56.78 % 71.18 % 52.86 % 0.09 s Titan Xp GPU
C. Guindel, D. Martin and J. Armingol: Fast Joint Object Detection and Viewpoint Estimation for Traffic Scene Understanding. IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Magazine 2018.
C. Guindel, D. Martin and J. Armingol: Joint Object Detection and Viewpoint Estimation using CNN features. IEEE International Conference on Vehicular Electronics and Safety (ICVES) 2017.
62 FD2 56.68 % 71.09 % 51.65 % 0.01 s GPU @ >3.5 Ghz (Python + C/C++)
63 MV-RGBD-RF
This method makes use of Velodyne laser scans.
 56.59 % 73.05 % 49.63 % 4 s 4 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
A. Gonzalez, D. Vazquez, A. Lopez and J. Amores: On-Board Object Detection: Multicue, Multimodal, and Multiview Random Forest of Local Experts.. IEEE Trans. on Cybernetics 2016.
A. Gonzalez, G. Villalonga, J. Xu, D. Vazquez, J. Amores and A. Lopez: Multiview Random Forest of Local Experts Combining RGB and LIDAR data for Pedestrian Detection. IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV) 2015.
64 CHTTL MMF 56.01 % 73.22 % 50.26 % 0.1 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (Python + C/C++)
65 RFCN_RFB 55.86 % 69.32 % 49.18 % 0.2 s 4 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
66 SECOND code 55.74 % 65.73 % 49.08 % 38 ms 1080Ti
Y. Yan, Y. Mao and B. Li: SECOND: Sparsely Embedded Convolutional Detection. Sensors 2018.
67 PointPillars
This method makes use of Velodyne laser scans.
 55.68 % 64.66 % 53.93 % 16 ms 1080ti GPU and Intel i7 CPU
68 yolo800 55.49 % 71.11 % 53.92 % 0.13 s 4 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
69 Vote3Deep
This method makes use of Velodyne laser scans.
 55.38 % 67.94 % 52.62 % 1.5 s 4 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
M. Engelcke, D. Rao, D. Zeng Wang, C. Hay Tong and I. Posner: Vote3Deep: Fast Object Detection in 3D Point Clouds Using Efficient Convolutional Neural Networks. ArXiv e-prints 2016.
70 CONV-BOX
This method makes use of Velodyne laser scans.
 55.23 % 63.98 % 54.18 % 0.2 s Tesla V100
71 TAFT 54.59 % 67.07 % 48.48 % 0.2 s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
J. Shen, X. Zuo, W. Yang, D. Prokhorov, X. Mei and H. Ling: Differential Features for Pedestrian Detection: A Taylor Series Perspective. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems 2018.
72 pAUCEnsT 54.58 % 66.11 % 48.49 % 60 s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (Matlab + C/C++)
S. Paisitkriangkrai, C. Shen and A. Hengel: Pedestrian Detection with Spatially Pooled Features and Structured Ensemble Learning. arXiv 2014.
73 fasterrcnn 53.80 % 69.00 % 51.35 % 0.2 s 4 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
74 PDV2 53.74 % 65.71 % 49.47 % 3.7 s 1 core @ 3.0 Ghz Matlab (C/C++)
J. Shen, X. Zuo, J. Li, W. Yang and H. Ling: A novel pixel neighborhood differential statistic feature for pedestrian and face detection . Pattern Recognition 2017.
75 PP_v1.0 code 53.59 % 62.16 % 51.51 % 0.02s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
76 MTDP 52.97 % 66.97 % 47.64 % 0.15 s GPU @ 2.0 Ghz (Python)
77 detectron code 52.42 % 69.89 % 51.70 % 0.01 s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
78 cascade_gw 51.10 % 67.58 % 43.34 % 0.2 s 4 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
79 YOLOv3+d 51.03 % 67.23 % 48.87 % 0.04 s GPU @ 1.5 Ghz (C/C++)
80 ACFD
This method makes use of Velodyne laser scans.
 code 50.91 % 61.59 % 45.51 % 0.2 s 4 cores @ >3.5 Ghz (C/C++)
M. Dimitrievski, P. Veelaert and W. Philips: Semantically aware multilateral filter for depth upsampling in automotive LiDAR point clouds. IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium, IV 2017, Los Angeles, CA, USA, June 11-14, 2017 2017.
81 CLF3D
This method makes use of Velodyne laser scans.
 50.25 % 66.10 % 48.66 % 0.13 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
82 R-CNN 50.20 % 62.05 % 44.85 % 4 s GPU @ 3.3 Ghz (C/C++)
J. Hosang, M. Omran, R. Benenson and B. Schiele: Taking a Deeper Look at Pedestrians. arXiv 2015.
83 SS3D 49.81 % 59.46 % 42.44 % 88 ms Tesla V100 (Python)
84 SeRC 49.81 % 65.31 % 42.40 % 0.5 s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
85 Resnet101Faster rcnn 49.64 % 64.97 % 48.47 % 1 s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
86 Int-YOLO code 48.93 % 64.40 % 48.02 % 0.03 s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
ERROR: Wrong syntax in BIBTEX file.
87 ARPNET 48.77 % 63.16 % 47.65 % 0.08 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (Python + C/C++)
88 ELLIOT
This method makes use of Velodyne laser scans.
 48.26 % 59.05 % 45.52 % 0.1 s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
89 ACF 47.29 % 60.11 % 42.90 % 1 s 1 core @ 3.5 Ghz (Matlab + C/C++)
P. Doll\'ar, R. Appel, S. Belongie and P. Perona: Fast Feature Pyramids for Object Detection. PAMI 2014.
90 Fusion-DPM
This method makes use of Velodyne laser scans.
 code 46.67 % 59.38 % 42.05 % ~ 30 s 1 core @ 3.5 Ghz (Matlab + C/C++)
C. Premebida, J. Carreira, J. Batista and U. Nunes: Pedestrian Detection Combining RGB and Dense LIDAR Data. IROS 2014.
91 ACF-MR 46.23 % 58.85 % 42.10 % 0.6 s 1 core @ 3.5 Ghz (C/C++)
R. Rajaram, E. Ohn-Bar and M. Trivedi: Looking at Pedestrians at Different Scales: A Multi-resolution Approach and Evaluations. T-ITS 2016.
92 HA-SSVM 45.51 % 58.91 % 41.08 % 21 s 1 core @ >3.5 Ghz (Matlab + C/C++)
J. Xu, S. Ramos, D. Vázquez and A. López: Hierarchical Adaptive Structural SVM for Domain Adaptation. IJCV 2016.
93 DPM-VOC+VP 44.86 % 59.60 % 40.37 % 8 s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
B. Pepik, M. Stark, P. Gehler and B. Schiele: Multi-view and 3D Deformable Part Models. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence (TPAMI) 2015.
94 Cmerge 44.81 % 62.62 % 44.53 % 0.2 s 4 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
95 ACF-SC 44.77 % 54.20 % 39.57 % <0.3 s 1 core @ >3.5 Ghz (Matlab + C/C++)
C. Cadena, A. Dick and I. Reid: A Fast, Modular Scene Understanding System using Context-Aware Object Detection. Robotics and Automation (ICRA), 2015 IEEE International Conference on 2015.
96 SquaresICF code 44.42 % 57.47 % 40.08 % 1 s GPU @ >3.5 Ghz (C/C++)
R. Benenson, M. Mathias, T. Tuytelaars and L. Gool: Seeking the strongest rigid detector. CVPR 2013.
97 AVOD
This method makes use of Velodyne laser scans.
 code 43.49 % 51.64 % 37.79 % 0.08 s Titan X (pascal)
J. Ku, M. Mozifian, J. Lee, A. Harakeh and S. Waslander: Joint 3D Proposal Generation and Object Detection from View Aggregation. IROS 2018.
98 Retinanet100 42.83 % 52.43 % 35.02 % 0.2 s 4 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
99 GNN 42.56 % 58.22 % 40.53 % 0.2 s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
100 SubCat 42.34 % 54.06 % 37.95 % 1.2 s 6 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (Matlab + C/C++)
E. Ohn-Bar and M. Trivedi: Fast and Robust Object Detection Using Visual Subcategories. Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops Mobile Vision 2014.
101 softyolo 40.78 % 55.95 % 39.57 % 0.16 s 4 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
102 ACF 40.62 % 49.08 % 36.66 % 0.2 s 1 core @ >3.5 Ghz (Matlab + C/C++)
P. Doll\'ar, R. Appel, S. Belongie and P. Perona: Fast Feature Pyramids for Object Detection. PAMI 2014.
P. Doll\'ar: Piotr's Image and Video Matlab Toolbox (PMT). .
103 multi-task CNN 40.34 % 51.38 % 34.98 % 25.1 ms GPU @ 2.0 Ghz (Python)
M. Oeljeklaus, F. Hoffmann and T. Bertram: A Fast Multi-Task CNN for Spatial Understanding of Traffic Scenes. IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Conference 2018.
104 KD53-20 39.90 % 47.15 % 35.32 % 0.19 s 4 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
105 LSVM-MDPM-sv 39.36 % 51.75 % 35.95 % 10 s 4 cores @ 3.0 Ghz (C/C++)
P. Felzenszwalb, R. Girshick, D. McAllester and D. Ramanan: Object Detection with Discriminatively Trained Part-Based Models. PAMI 2010.
A. Geiger, C. Wojek and R. Urtasun: Joint 3D Estimation of Objects and Scene Layout. NIPS 2011.
106 pedestrian_cnn 39.07 % 53.60 % 37.91 % 1 s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
107 Lidar_ROI+Yolo(UJS) 38.76 % 47.11 % 32.33 % 0.1 s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
108 LSVM-MDPM-us code 38.35 % 50.01 % 34.78 % 10 s 4 cores @ 3.0 Ghz (C/C++)
P. Felzenszwalb, R. Girshick, D. McAllester and D. Ramanan: Object Detection with Discriminatively Trained Part-Based Models. PAMI 2010.
109 37.45 % 45.89 % 35.08 %
110 X_MD 37.38 % 50.17 % 36.49 % 0.2 s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
111 anonymous
This method makes use of Velodyne laser scans.
 36.65 % 49.15 % 36.18 % 0.75 s GPU @ 3.5 Ghz (C/C++)
112 Complexer-YOLO
This method makes use of Velodyne laser scans.
 36.10 % 42.63 % 35.57 % 0.06 s GPU @ 3.5 Ghz (C/C++)
113 Vote3D
This method makes use of Velodyne laser scans.
 35.74 % 44.47 % 33.72 % 0.5 s 4 cores @ 2.8 Ghz (C/C++)
D. Wang and I. Posner: Voting for Voting in Online Point Cloud Object Detection. Proceedings of Robotics: Science and Systems 2015.
114 rpn 32.79 % 46.95 % 31.70 % 0.01 s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
115 mBoW
This method makes use of Velodyne laser scans.
 31.37 % 44.36 % 30.62 % 10 s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
J. Behley, V. Steinhage and A. Cremers: Laser-based Segment Classification Using a Mixture of Bag-of-Words. Proc. of the IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS) 2013.
116 BirdNet
This method makes use of Velodyne laser scans.
 30.90 % 36.83 % 29.93 % 0.11 s Titan Xp GPU
J. Beltran, C. Guindel, F. Moreno, D. Cruzado, F. Garcia and A. Escalera: BirdNet: a 3D Object Detection Framework from LiDAR information. arXiv preprint arXiv:1805.01195 2018.
117 DPM-C8B1
This method uses stereo information.
 29.03 % 38.96 % 25.61 % 15 s 4 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (Matlab + C/C++)
J. Yebes, L. Bergasa and M. García-Garrido: Visual Object Recognition with 3D-Aware Features in KITTI Urban Scenes. Sensors 2015.
J. Yebes, L. Bergasa, R. Arroyo and A. Lázaro: Supervised learning and evaluation of KITTI's cars detector with DPM. IV 2014.
118 100Frcnn 26.73 % 35.65 % 26.46 % 2 s 4 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (Python + C/C++)
119 R-CNN_VGG 23.16 % 28.95 % 22.17 % 10 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (Matlab + C/C++)
120 DT3D 19.19 % 27.02 % 18.98 % 0,21s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
121 TopNet-HighRes
This method makes use of Velodyne laser scans.
 17.57 % 22.98 % 17.35 % 101ms NVIDIA GeForce 1080 Ti (tensorflow-gpu)
S. Wirges, T. Fischer, C. Stiller and J. Frias: Object Detection and Classification in Occupancy Grid Maps Using Deep Convolutional Networks. 2018 21st International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC) 2018.
122 YOLOv2 code 16.19 % 20.80 % 15.43 % 0.02 s GPU @ 3.5 Ghz (C/C++)
J. Redmon, S. Divvala, R. Girshick and A. Farhadi: You only look once: Unified, real-time object detection. Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition 2016.
J. Redmon and A. Farhadi: YOLO9000: Better, Faster, Stronger. Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition 2017.
123 BIP-HETERO 13.38 % 14.85 % 13.25 % ~2 s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
A. Mekonnen, F. Lerasle, A. Herbulot and C. Briand: People Detection with Heterogeneous Features and Explicit Optimization on Computation Time. Pattern Recognition (ICPR), 2014 22nd International Conference on 2014.
124 softretina 0.93 % 0.68 % 0.95 % 0.16 s 4 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
125 JSyolo 0.44 % 0.35 % 0.45 % 0.16 s 4 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
126 TopNet-DecayRate
This method makes use of Velodyne laser scans.
 0.04 % 0.02 % 0.05 % 92 ms NVIDIA GeForce 1080 Ti (tensorflow-gpu)
S. Wirges, T. Fischer, C. Stiller and J. Frias: Object Detection and Classification in Occupancy Grid Maps Using Deep Convolutional Networks. 2018 21st International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC) 2018.
127 SN-net 0.00 % 0.00 % 0.00 % 0.8 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (Python + C/C++)
Table as LaTeX | Only published Methods

Cyclist


Method Setting Code Moderate Easy Hard Runtime Environment
1 EM-FPS 79.24 % 84.28 % 71.22 % 0.15 s GPU @ 1.5 Ghz (Python + C/C++)
2 RRC code 76.49 % 84.96 % 65.46 % 3.6 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
J. Ren, X. Chen, J. Liu, W. Sun, J. Pang, Q. Yan, Y. Tai and L. Xu: Accurate Single Stage Detector Using Recurrent Rolling Convolution. CVPR 2017.
3 VCTNet 75.91 % 83.20 % 67.81 % 0.02 s GPU @ 1.5 Ghz (C/C++)
4 SAITv1 75.83 % 83.99 % 66.45 % 0.15 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
5 CLA 74.68 % 82.42 % 65.11 % 0.3 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (Matlab + C/C++)
6 MS-CNN code 74.45 % 82.34 % 64.91 % 0.4 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
Z. Cai, Q. Fan, R. Feris and N. Vasconcelos: A Unified Multi-scale Deep Convolutional Neural Network for Fast Object Detection. ECCV 2016.
7 TuSimple code 74.26 % 81.38 % 64.88 % 1.6 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (Python + C/C++)
F. Yang, W. Choi and Y. Lin: Exploit all the layers: Fast and accurate cnn object detector with scale dependent pooling and cascaded rejection classifiers. Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition 2016.
K. He, X. Zhang, S. Ren and J. Sun: Deep residual learning for image recognition. Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition 2016.
8 ExtAtt 74.25 % 84.04 % 65.03 % 1.2 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (Python + C/C++)
9 Deep3DBox 73.48 % 82.65 % 64.11 % 1.5 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
A. Mousavian, D. Anguelov, J. Flynn and J. Kosecka: 3D Bounding Box Estimation Using Deep Learning and Geometry. CVPR 2017.
10 SDP+RPN 73.08 % 81.05 % 64.88 % 0.4 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (Python + C/C++)
F. Yang, W. Choi and Y. Lin: Exploit All the Layers: Fast and Accurate CNN Object Detector with Scale Dependent Pooling and Cascaded Rejection Classifiers. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition 2016.
S. Ren, K. He, R. Girshick and J. Sun: Faster R-CNN: Towards real-time object detection with region proposal networks. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 2015.
11 ECV-NET 72.73 % 82.62 % 62.82 % 0.4 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
12 sensekitti code 72.50 % 81.76 % 64.00 % 4.5 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (Python + C/C++)
B. Yang, J. Yan, Z. Lei and S. Li: Craft Objects from Images. CVPR 2016.
13 F-PointNet
This method makes use of Velodyne laser scans.
 code 72.25 % 84.90 % 65.14 % 0.17 s GPU @ 3.0 Ghz (Python)
C. Qi, W. Liu, C. Wu, H. Su and L. Guibas: Frustum PointNets for 3D Object Detection from RGB-D Data. arXiv preprint arXiv:1711.08488 2017.
14 BOE_IOT_AIBD 71.61 % 82.63 % 63.67 % 0.8 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
15 SubCNN 70.77 % 77.82 % 62.71 % 2 s GPU @ 3.5 Ghz (Python + C/C++)
Y. Xiang, W. Choi, Y. Lin and S. Savarese: Subcategory-aware Convolutional Neural Networks for Object Proposals and Detection. IEEE Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision (WACV) 2017.
16 Sogo_MM 70.72 % 77.57 % 62.23 % 1.5 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
17 ARPNET 69.94 % 79.83 % 63.08 % 0.08 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (Python + C/C++)
18 ODES code 69.80 % 78.51 % 61.32 % 0.02 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
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19 MonoPSR 68.99 % 79.80 % 60.19 % 0.2 s GPU @ 3.5 Ghz (Python)
20 MDC
This method makes use of Velodyne laser scans.
 68.84 % 79.81 % 60.24 % 0.17 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
21 3DOP
This method uses stereo information.
 code 68.81 % 80.17 % 61.36 % 3s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (Matlab + C/C++)
X. Chen, K. Kundu, Y. Zhu, A. Berneshawi, H. Ma, S. Fidler and R. Urtasun: 3D Object Proposals for Accurate Object Class Detection. NIPS 2015.
22 PointPillars
This method makes use of Velodyne laser scans.
 68.57 % 82.59 % 62.37 % 16 ms 1080ti GPU and Intel i7 CPU
23 Pose-RCNN 68.04 % 80.19 % 59.95 % 2 s >8 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
M. Braun, Q. Rao, Y. Wang and F. Flohr: Pose-RCNN: Joint object detection and pose estimation using 3D object proposals. Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC), 2016 IEEE 19th International Conference on 2016.
24 Vote3Deep
This method makes use of Velodyne laser scans.
 67.96 % 76.49 % 62.88 % 1.5 s 4 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
M. Engelcke, D. Rao, D. Zeng Wang, C. Hay Tong and I. Posner: Vote3Deep: Fast Object Detection in 3D Point Clouds Using Efficient Convolutional Neural Networks. ArXiv e-prints 2016.
25 Tencent_ADlab_Lidar
This method makes use of Velodyne laser scans.
 67.37 % 81.56 % 61.28 % 0.1 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (Python + C/C++)
26 IVA code 67.36 % 77.63 % 59.62 % 0.4 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
Y. Zhu, J. Wang, C. Zhao, H. Guo and H. Lu: Scale-adaptive Deconvolutional Regression Network for Pedestrian Detection. ACCV 2016.
S. Ren, K. He, R. Girshick and J. Sun: Faster R-CNN: Towards real-time object detection with region proposal networks. Advances in neural information processing systems 2015.
27 DeepStereoOP 65.72 % 77.00 % 57.74 % 3.4 s GPU @ 3.5 Ghz (Matlab + C/C++)
C. Pham and J. Jeon: Robust Object Proposals Re-ranking for Object Detection in Autonomous Driving Using Convolutional Neural Networks. Signal Processing: Image Communiation 2017.
28 IPOD 65.28 % 82.90 % 57.63 % 0.2 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (Python + C/C++)
Z. Yang, Y. Sun, S. Liu, X. Shen and J. Jia: IPOD: Intensive Point-based Object Detector for Point Cloud. arXiv preprint arXiv:1812.05276 2018.
29 retinanetkitti 64.44 % 77.60 % 57.66 % 1.5 s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
30 Mono3D code 63.85 % 75.22 % 58.96 % 4.2 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (Matlab + C/C++)
X. Chen, K. Kundu, Z. Zhang, H. Ma, S. Fidler and R. Urtasun: Monocular 3D Object Detection for Autonomous Driving. CVPR 2016.
31 CONV-BOX
This method makes use of Velodyne laser scans.
 63.84 % 72.62 % 56.69 % 0.2 s Tesla V100
32 DA 63.58 % 79.36 % 56.80 % 0.08 s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
33 AtrousDet 62.85 % 76.07 % 55.12 % 0.05 s TITAN X
34 Faster R-CNN code 62.81 % 71.41 % 55.44 % 2 s GPU @ 3.5 Ghz (Python + C/C++)
S. Ren, K. He, R. Girshick and J. Sun: Faster R-CNN: Towards Real- Time Object Detection with Region Proposal Networks. NIPS 2015.
35 cas+res+soft 60.88 % 75.24 % 53.58 % 0.2 s 4 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
36 SDP+CRC (ft) 60.87 % 74.31 % 53.95 % 0.6 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
F. Yang, W. Choi and Y. Lin: Exploit All the Layers: Fast and Accurate CNN Object Detector with Scale Dependent Pooling and Cascaded Rejection Classifiers. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition 2016.
37 merge12-12 60.83 % 75.12 % 53.69 % 0.2 s 4 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
38 ELLIOT
This method makes use of Velodyne laser scans.
 60.04 % 77.40 % 55.15 % 0.1 s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
39 PP_v1.0 code 59.92 % 75.52 % 53.73 % 0.02s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
40 AVOD-FPN
This method makes use of Velodyne laser scans.
 code 59.32 % 68.65 % 55.82 % 0.1 s Titan X (Pascal)
J. Ku, M. Mozifian, J. Lee, A. Harakeh and S. Waslander: Joint 3D Proposal Generation and Object Detection from View Aggregation. IROS 2018.
41 SECOND code 58.94 % 81.96 % 57.20 % 38 ms 1080Ti
Y. Yan, Y. Mao and B. Li: SECOND: Sparsely Embedded Convolutional Detection. Sensors 2018.
42 Regionlets 58.69 % 70.09 % 51.81 % 1 s >8 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
X. Wang, M. Yang, S. Zhu and Y. Lin: Regionlets for Generic Object Detection. T-PAMI 2015.
W. Zou, X. Wang, M. Sun and Y. Lin: Generic Object Detection with Dense Neural Patterns and Regionlets. British Machine Vision Conference 2014.
C. Long, X. Wang, G. Hua, M. Yang and Y. Lin: Accurate Object Detection with Location Relaxation and Regionlets Relocalization. Asian Conference on Computer Vision 2014.
43 cascadercnn 58.09 % 75.56 % 50.19 % 0.36 s 4 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
44 Complexer-YOLO
This method makes use of Velodyne laser scans.
 57.53 % 65.82 % 57.47 % 0.06 s GPU @ 3.5 Ghz (C/C++)
45 FRCNN+Or code 57.37 % 70.05 % 51.00 % 0.09 s Titan Xp GPU
C. Guindel, D. Martin and J. Armingol: Fast Joint Object Detection and Viewpoint Estimation for Traffic Scene Understanding. IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Magazine 2018.
C. Guindel, D. Martin and J. Armingol: Joint Object Detection and Viewpoint Estimation using CNN features. IEEE International Conference on Vehicular Electronics and Safety (ICVES) 2017.
46 bin 57.13 % 63.05 % 50.64 % 15ms s GPU @ >3.5 Ghz (Python)
47 cas_retina 56.46 % 72.52 % 52.63 % 0.2 s 4 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
48 AVOD
This method makes use of Velodyne laser scans.
 code 56.01 % 65.72 % 48.89 % 0.08 s Titan X (pascal)
J. Ku, M. Mozifian, J. Lee, A. Harakeh and S. Waslander: Joint 3D Proposal Generation and Object Detection from View Aggregation. IROS 2018.
49 cas_retina_1_13 55.81 % 71.59 % 52.16 % 0.03 s 4 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
50 ReSqueeze 54.93 % 68.34 % 49.19 % 0.03 s GPU @ >3.5 Ghz (Python)
51 anm 50.54 % 67.40 % 45.22 % 3 s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
52 ZKNet 50.24 % 66.44 % 44.19 % 0.01 s GPU @ 2.0 Ghz (Python)
53 LPN 50.02 % 65.33 % 44.85 % 0.2 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (Python + C/C++)
54 yolo800 49.15 % 64.64 % 43.58 % 0.13 s 4 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
55 BirdNet
This method makes use of Velodyne laser scans.
 49.04 % 64.88 % 46.61 % 0.11 s Titan Xp GPU
J. Beltran, C. Guindel, F. Moreno, D. Cruzado, F. Garcia and A. Escalera: BirdNet: a 3D Object Detection Framework from LiDAR information. arXiv preprint arXiv:1805.01195 2018.
56 fasterrcnn 48.81 % 64.40 % 42.74 % 0.2 s 4 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
57 X_MD 48.07 % 63.46 % 40.76 % 0.2 s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
58 detectron code 48.06 % 64.73 % 40.75 % 0.01 s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
59 RFCN 47.61 % 62.17 % 43.74 % 0.2 s 4 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
60 CLF3D
This method makes use of Velodyne laser scans.
 47.53 % 65.31 % 40.23 % 0.13 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
61 RFCN_RFB 45.36 % 59.49 % 41.63 % 0.2 s 4 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
62 cascade_gw 45.00 % 63.14 % 38.81 % 0.2 s 4 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
63 FD2 44.29 % 62.32 % 40.65 % 0.01 s GPU @ >3.5 Ghz (Python + C/C++)
64 SeRC 44.28 % 55.81 % 38.50 % 0.5 s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
65 Cmerge 43.85 % 61.60 % 42.60 % 0.2 s 4 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
66 Int-YOLO code 43.30 % 52.88 % 36.57 % 0.03 s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
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67 MTDP 43.08 % 54.53 % 38.79 % 0.15 s GPU @ 2.0 Ghz (Python)
68 GNN 42.65 % 59.43 % 37.72 % 0.2 s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
69 MV-RGBD-RF
This method makes use of Velodyne laser scans.
 42.61 % 51.46 % 37.42 % 4 s 4 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
A. Gonzalez, D. Vazquez, A. Lopez and J. Amores: On-Board Object Detection: Multicue, Multimodal, and Multiview Random Forest of Local Experts.. IEEE Trans. on Cybernetics 2016.
A. Gonzalez, G. Villalonga, J. Xu, D. Vazquez, J. Amores and A. Lopez: Multiview Random Forest of Local Experts Combining RGB and LIDAR data for Pedestrian Detection. IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV) 2015.
70 YOLOv3+d 42.60 % 59.08 % 40.77 % 0.04 s GPU @ 1.5 Ghz (C/C++)
71 SS3D 37.90 % 53.79 % 35.12 % 88 ms Tesla V100 (Python)
72 pAUCEnsT 37.88 % 52.28 % 33.38 % 60 s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (Matlab + C/C++)
S. Paisitkriangkrai, C. Shen and A. Hengel: Pedestrian Detection with Spatially Pooled Features and Structured Ensemble Learning. arXiv 2014.
73 Retinanet100 37.54 % 46.39 % 30.82 % 0.2 s 4 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
74 softyolo 31.30 % 45.16 % 27.38 % 0.16 s 4 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
75 Vote3D
This method makes use of Velodyne laser scans.
 31.24 % 41.45 % 28.60 % 0.5 s 4 cores @ 2.8 Ghz (C/C++)
D. Wang and I. Posner: Voting for Voting in Online Point Cloud Object Detection. Proceedings of Robotics: Science and Systems 2015.
76 DPM-VOC+VP 31.16 % 43.65 % 28.29 % 8 s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
B. Pepik, M. Stark, P. Gehler and B. Schiele: Multi-view and 3D Deformable Part Models. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence (TPAMI) 2015.
77 LSVM-MDPM-us code 30.81 % 40.31 % 28.17 % 10 s 4 cores @ 3.0 Ghz (C/C++)
P. Felzenszwalb, R. Girshick, D. McAllester and D. Ramanan: Object Detection with Discriminatively Trained Part-Based Models. PAMI 2010.
78 100Frcnn 29.95 % 44.60 % 27.70 % 2 s 4 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (Python + C/C++)
79 LSVM-MDPM-sv 29.24 % 37.71 % 27.52 % 10 s 4 cores @ 3.0 Ghz (C/C++)
P. Felzenszwalb, R. Girshick, D. McAllester and D. Ramanan: Object Detection with Discriminatively Trained Part-Based Models. PAMI 2010.
A. Geiger, C. Wojek and R. Urtasun: Joint 3D Estimation of Objects and Scene Layout. NIPS 2011.
80 DPM-C8B1
This method uses stereo information.
 29.04 % 43.28 % 26.20 % 15 s 4 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (Matlab + C/C++)
J. Yebes, L. Bergasa and M. García-Garrido: Visual Object Recognition with 3D-Aware Features in KITTI Urban Scenes. Sensors 2015.
J. Yebes, L. Bergasa, R. Arroyo and A. Lázaro: Supervised learning and evaluation of KITTI's cars detector with DPM. IV 2014.
81 R-CNN_VGG 28.79 % 37.71 % 25.82 % 10 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (Matlab + C/C++)
82 rpn 28.65 % 37.40 % 23.50 % 0.01 s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
83 Lidar_ROI+Yolo(UJS) 27.21 % 39.41 % 26.12 % 0.1 s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
84 mBoW
This method makes use of Velodyne laser scans.
 21.62 % 28.19 % 20.93 % 10 s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
J. Behley, V. Steinhage and A. Cremers: Laser-based Segment Classification Using a Mixture of Bag-of-Words. Proc. of the IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS) 2013.
85 DT3D 20.65 % 31.29 % 20.73 % 0,21s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
86 TopNet-HighRes
This method makes use of Velodyne laser scans.
 19.15 % 29.34 % 19.69 % 101ms NVIDIA GeForce 1080 Ti (tensorflow-gpu)
S. Wirges, T. Fischer, C. Stiller and J. Frias: Object Detection and Classification in Occupancy Grid Maps Using Deep Convolutional Networks. 2018 21st International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC) 2018.
87 KD53-20 17.71 % 23.15 % 17.30 % 0.19 s 4 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
88 SA-3D
This method makes use of Velodyne laser scans.
 15.82 % 20.11 % 12.83 % 0.3 s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
89 YOLOv2 code 4.55 % 4.55 % 4.55 % 0.02 s GPU @ 3.5 Ghz (C/C++)
J. Redmon, S. Divvala, R. Girshick and A. Farhadi: You only look once: Unified, real-time object detection. Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition 2016.
J. Redmon and A. Farhadi: YOLO9000: Better, Faster, Stronger. Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition 2017.
90 TopNet-DecayRate
This method makes use of Velodyne laser scans.
 1.01 % 0.04 % 1.01 % 92 ms NVIDIA GeForce 1080 Ti (tensorflow-gpu)
S. Wirges, T. Fischer, C. Stiller and J. Frias: Object Detection and Classification in Occupancy Grid Maps Using Deep Convolutional Networks. 2018 21st International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC) 2018.
91 softretina 0.44 % 0.29 % 0.22 % 0.16 s 4 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
92 JSyolo 0.22 % 0.22 % 0.22 % 0.16 s 4 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
Table as LaTeX | Only published Methods

Object Detection and Orientation Estimation Evaluation

Cars


Method Setting Code Moderate Easy Hard Runtime Environment
1 MVRA + I-FRCNN+ 89.93 % 90.60 % 79.78 % 0.18 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
2 Deep MANTA 89.86 % 97.19 % 80.39 % 0.7 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (Python + C/C++)
F. Chabot, M. Chaouch, J. Rabarisoa, C. Teulière and T. Chateau: Deep MANTA: A Coarse-to-fine Many-Task Network for joint 2D and 3D vehicle analysis from monocular image. CVPR 2017.
3 PointRCNN
This method makes use of Velodyne laser scans.
 89.55 % 90.76 % 80.76 % 0.2 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (Python + C/C++)
S. Shi, X. Wang and H. Li: PointRCNN: 3D Object Proposal Generation and Detection from Point Cloud. arXiv preprint arXiv:1812.04244 2018.
4 Patches
This method makes use of Velodyne laser scans.
 89.40 % 90.72 % 87.23 % 0.15 s GPU @ 2.0 Ghz
5 PointPillars
This method makes use of Velodyne laser scans.
 88.76 % 90.19 % 86.38 % 16 ms 1080ti GPU and Intel i7 CPU
6 Sogo_MM 88.72 % 90.67 % 78.95 % 1.5 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
7 Deep3DBox 88.56 % 90.39 % 77.17 % 1.5 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
A. Mousavian, D. Anguelov, J. Flynn and J. Kosecka: 3D Bounding Box Estimation Using Deep Learning and Geometry. CVPR 2017.
8 SubCNN 88.43 % 90.61 % 78.63 % 2 s GPU @ 3.5 Ghz (Python + C/C++)
Y. Xiang, W. Choi, Y. Lin and S. Savarese: Subcategory-aware Convolutional Neural Networks for Object Proposals and Detection. IEEE Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision (WACV) 2017.
9 Tencent_ADlab_Lidar
This method makes use of Velodyne laser scans.
 88.33 % 90.05 % 84.80 % 0.1 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (Python + C/C++)
10 SECOND-V1.5
This method makes use of Velodyne laser scans.
 code 88.33 % 90.15 % 79.65 % 0.04 s GPU @ 2.0 Ghz (Python + C/C++)
11 MonoPSR 87.83 % 89.88 % 70.48 % 0.2 s GPU @ 3.5 Ghz (Python)
12 ARPNET 87.68 % 89.79 % 79.05 % 0.08 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (Python + C/C++)
13 PP_v1.0 code 87.61 % 89.97 % 83.02 % 0.02s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
14 AVOD
This method makes use of Velodyne laser scans.
 code 87.46 % 89.59 % 79.54 % 0.08 s Titan X (pascal)
J. Ku, M. Mozifian, J. Lee, A. Harakeh and S. Waslander: Joint 3D Proposal Generation and Object Detection from View Aggregation. IROS 2018.
15 SeoulRobotics-HFD
This method makes use of Velodyne laser scans.
 87.34 % 89.88 % 79.32 % 0.05 s GPU @ 2.0 Ghz (Python + C/C++)
16 AVOD-FPN
This method makes use of Velodyne laser scans.
 code 87.13 % 89.95 % 79.74 % 0.1 s Titan X (Pascal)
J. Ku, M. Mozifian, J. Lee, A. Harakeh and S. Waslander: Joint 3D Proposal Generation and Object Detection from View Aggregation. IROS 2018.
17 DFD 87.01 % 89.72 % 78.98 % 0.05 s GPU @ 2.0 Ghz (Python + C/C++)
18 SECA 86.80 % 89.42 % 78.81 % 0.09 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
19 SCANet 86.65 % 89.06 % 78.67 % 0.09s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
20 DeepStereoOP 86.57 % 89.01 % 77.13 % 3.4 s GPU @ 3.5 Ghz (Matlab + C/C++)
C. Pham and J. Jeon: Robust Object Proposals Re-ranking for Object Detection in Autonomous Driving Using Convolutional Neural Networks. Signal Processing: Image Communiation 2017.
21 ELLIOT
This method makes use of Velodyne laser scans.
 86.13 % 89.69 % 80.50 % 0.1 s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
22 Mono3D code 85.83 % 89.00 % 76.00 % 4.2 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (Matlab + C/C++)
X. Chen, K. Kundu, Z. Zhang, H. Ma, S. Fidler and R. Urtasun: Monocular 3D Object Detection for Autonomous Driving. CVPR 2016.
23 3DOP
This method uses stereo information.
 code 85.81 % 88.56 % 76.21 % 3s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (Matlab + C/C++)
X. Chen, K. Kundu, Y. Zhu, A. Berneshawi, H. Ma, S. Fidler and R. Urtasun: 3D Object Proposals for Accurate Object Class Detection. NIPS 2015.
24 MBR-SSD 85.03 % 88.10 % 75.92 % 4.0 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (Python + C/C++)
25 SECOND code 81.31 % 87.84 % 71.95 % 38 ms 1080Ti
Y. Yan, Y. Mao and B. Li: SECOND: Sparsely Embedded Convolutional Detection. Sensors 2018.
26 X_MD 80.28 % 89.53 % 79.14 % 0.2 s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (Python + C/C++)
27 FNV1_Fusion 80.12 % 89.25 % 78.58 % 0.11 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
28 FNV1_RPN 80.10 % 89.27 % 78.66 % 0.12 s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (Python + C/C++)
29 SS3D 79.70 % 89.02 % 69.91 % 88 ms Tesla V100 (Python)
30 SECA 79.56 % 89.11 % 78.14 % 1 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
31 VSE 79.56 % 89.11 % 78.14 % 0.15 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
32 Complexer-YOLO
This method makes use of Velodyne laser scans.
 79.08 % 87.97 % 78.75 % 0.06 s GPU @ 3.5 Ghz (C/C++)
33 FNV1 78.97 % 88.40 % 76.70 % 0.11 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
34 BS3D 77.82 % 87.88 % 67.93 % 0.02 s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
35 FRCNN+Or code 77.61 % 88.52 % 67.69 % 0.09 s Titan Xp GPU
C. Guindel, D. Martin and J. Armingol: Fast Joint Object Detection and Viewpoint Estimation for Traffic Scene Understanding. IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Magazine 2018.
C. Guindel, D. Martin and J. Armingol: Joint Object Detection and Viewpoint Estimation using CNN features. IEEE International Conference on Vehicular Electronics and Safety (ICVES) 2017.
36 CLF3D
This method makes use of Velodyne laser scans.
 76.50 % 84.35 % 67.12 % 0.13 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
37 avodC 76.30 % 86.31 % 68.71 % 0.1 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
38 3D FCN
This method makes use of Velodyne laser scans.
 75.71 % 85.46 % 68.19 % >5 s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
B. Li: 3D Fully Convolutional Network for Vehicle Detection in Point Cloud. IROS 2017.
39 3D-SSMFCNN code 75.42 % 75.44 % 67.27 % 0.1 s GPU @ 1.5 Ghz (C/C++)
L. Novak: Vehicle Detection and Pose Estimation for Autonomous Driving. 2017.
40 Pose-RCNN 75.35 % 88.78 % 61.47 % 2 s >8 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
M. Braun, Q. Rao, Y. Wang and F. Flohr: Pose-RCNN: Joint object detection and pose estimation using 3D object proposals. Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC), 2016 IEEE 19th International Conference on 2016.
41 3DVP code 74.59 % 81.02 % 64.11 % 40 s 8 cores @ 3.5 Ghz (Matlab + C/C++)
Y. Xiang, W. Choi, Y. Lin and S. Savarese: Data-Driven 3D Voxel Patterns for Object Category Recognition. IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition 2015.
42 SubCat code 74.42 % 80.74 % 58.83 % 0.7 s 6 cores @ 3.5 Ghz (Matlab + C/C++)
E. Ohn-Bar and M. Trivedi: Learning to Detect Vehicles by Clustering Appearance Patterns. T-ITS 2015.
43 BdCost+ 73.15 % 82.12 % 58.29 % TBD s 4 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (Matlab/C++)
44 ROI-10D 67.85 % 74.24 % 59.28 % 0.2 s GPU @ 3.5 Ghz (Python)
45 MF3D 67.68 % 87.79 % 57.57 % 0.03 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
46 multi-task CNN 66.19 % 76.69 % 58.11 % 25.1 ms GPU @ 2.0 Ghz (Python)
M. Oeljeklaus, F. Hoffmann and T. Bertram: A Fast Multi-Task CNN for Spatial Understanding of Traffic Scenes. IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Conference 2018.
47 BdCost48LDCF code 66.01 % 77.10 % 50.35 % 0.5 s 8 cores @ 3.5 Ghz (Matlab + C/C++)
A. Fernández-Baldera, J. Buenaposada and L. Baumela: BAdaCost: Multi-class Boosting with Costs . Pattern Recognition 2018.
48 BdCost48-25C 65.25 % 77.59 % 50.68 % 4 s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
49 OC-DPM 64.88 % 74.66 % 52.24 % 10 s 8 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (Matlab)
B. Pepik, M. Stark, P. Gehler and B. Schiele: Occlusion Patterns for Object Class Detection. IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) 2013.
50 3DVSSD 64.72 % 77.22 % 57.56 % 0.06 s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
51 DPM-VOC+VP 63.27 % 77.51 % 47.57 % 8 s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
B. Pepik, M. Stark, P. Gehler and B. Schiele: Multi-view and 3D Deformable Part Models. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence (TPAMI) 2015.
52 AOG-View 62.25 % 77.37 % 50.44 % 3 s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (Matlab, C/C++)
B. Li, T. Wu and S. Zhu: Integrating Context and Occlusion for Car Detection by Hierarchical And-Or Model. ECCV 2014.
53 SAMME48LDCF code 57.49 % 75.12 % 46.64 % 0.5 s 8 cores @ 3.5 Ghz (Matlab + C/C++)
A. Fernández-Baldera, J. Buenaposada and L. Baumela: BAdaCost: Multi-class Boosting with Costs . Pattern Recognition 2018.
54 LSVM-MDPM-sv 56.69 % 70.86 % 45.91 % 10 s 4 cores @ 3.0 Ghz (C/C++)
P. Felzenszwalb, R. Girshick, D. McAllester and D. Ramanan: Object Detection with Discriminatively Trained Part-Based Models. PAMI 2010.
A. Geiger, C. Wojek and R. Urtasun: Joint 3D Estimation of Objects and Scene Layout. NIPS 2011.
55 RCN-resnet101 53.93 % 56.36 % 48.32 % 0.3 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (Python + C/C++)
56 SAG-Net 53.29 % 57.92 % 47.73 % 0.2 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (Python + C/C++)
57 VeloFCN
This method makes use of Velodyne laser scans.
 52.70 % 70.21 % 46.11 % 1 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (Python + C/C++)
B. Li, T. Zhang and T. Xia: Vehicle Detection from 3D Lidar Using Fully Convolutional Network. RSS 2016 .
58 DPM-C8B1
This method uses stereo information.
 50.32 % 59.53 % 39.22 % 15 s 4 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (Matlab + C/C++)
J. Yebes, L. Bergasa and M. García-Garrido: Visual Object Recognition with 3D-Aware Features in KITTI Urban Scenes. Sensors 2015.
J. Yebes, L. Bergasa, R. Arroyo and A. Lázaro: Supervised learning and evaluation of KITTI's cars detector with DPM. IV 2014.
59 VAT-Net 49.91 % 52.74 % 45.16 % 1 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (Python + C/C++)
60 InNet 49.55 % 52.32 % 44.79 % 0.16 s GPU @ 3.5 Ghz (Python + C/C++)
61 ODES code 48.06 % 46.22 % 42.43 % 0.02 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
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62 ReSqueeze 45.40 % 47.38 % 41.68 % 0.03 s GPU @ >3.5 Ghz (Python)
63 sensekitti code 44.56 % 47.06 % 41.50 % 4.5 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (Python + C/C++)
B. Yang, J. Yan, Z. Lei and S. Li: Craft Objects from Images. CVPR 2016.
64 VCTNet 43.41 % 46.53 % 39.42 % 0.02 s GPU @ 1.5 Ghz (C/C++)
65 Resnet101Faster rcnn 42.62 % 49.41 % 38.21 % 1 s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
66 FD2 39.44 % 47.56 % 35.20 % 0.01 s GPU @ >3.5 Ghz (Python + C/C++)
67 bin 37.23 % 41.94 % 32.65 % 15ms s GPU @ >3.5 Ghz (Python)
68 IPOD 37.01 % 36.95 % 36.96 % 0.2 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (Python + C/C++)
Z. Yang, Y. Sun, S. Liu, X. Shen and J. Jia: IPOD: Intensive Point-based Object Detector for Point Cloud. arXiv preprint arXiv:1812.05276 2018.
69 cas+res+soft 36.06 % 36.91 % 31.97 % 0.2 s 4 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
70 cas_retina 36.05 % 38.05 % 31.81 % 0.2 s 4 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
71 merge12-12 36.02 % 36.92 % 31.88 % 0.2 s 4 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
72 BirdNet
This method makes use of Velodyne laser scans.
 35.81 % 50.85 % 34.90 % 0.11 s Titan Xp GPU
J. Beltran, C. Guindel, F. Moreno, D. Cruzado, F. Garcia and A. Escalera: BirdNet: a 3D Object Detection Framework from LiDAR information. arXiv preprint arXiv:1805.01195 2018.
73 AtrousDet 35.80 % 36.56 % 32.32 % 0.05 s TITAN X
74 cas_retina_1_13 35.68 % 38.39 % 31.89 % 0.03 s 4 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
75 cascadercnn 35.01 % 34.13 % 28.55 % 0.36 s 4 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
76 IoU_DCRCNN 33.60 % 38.00 % 31.21 % 0.66 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
77 cascade_gw 33.49 % 32.78 % 28.18 % 0.2 s 4 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
78 Cmerge 32.95 % 36.87 % 29.14 % 0.2 s 4 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
79 ZKNet 32.91 % 37.16 % 28.94 % 0.01 s GPU @ 2.0 Ghz (Python)
80 softretina 32.90 % 37.63 % 28.73 % 0.16 s 4 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
81 Fast-SSD 32.90 % 40.88 % 29.21 % 0.06 s GTX650Ti
82 Retinanet100 32.87 % 37.54 % 28.69 % 0.2 s 4 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
83 LPN 32.41 % 33.97 % 29.15 % 0.2 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (Python + C/C++)
84 SceneNet 32.02 % 36.62 % 28.46 % 0.03 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
85 detectron code 31.71 % 35.58 % 28.18 % 0.01 s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
86 RFCN_RFB 31.47 % 33.70 % 27.02 % 0.2 s 4 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
87 MTDP 31.04 % 34.12 % 27.50 % 0.15 s GPU @ 2.0 Ghz (Python)
88 AOG code 30.81 % 34.05 % 24.86 % 3 s 4 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (Matlab)
T. Wu, B. Li and S. Zhu: Learning And-Or Models to Represent Context and Occlusion for Car Detection and Viewpoint Estimation. TPAMI 2016.
B. Li, T. Wu and S. Zhu: Integrating Context and Occlusion for Car Detection by Hierarchical And-Or Model. ECCV 2014.
89 yolo800 30.47 % 31.53 % 27.01 % 0.13 s 4 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
90 RFCN 30.29 % 33.30 % 25.44 % 0.2 s 4 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
91 fasterrcnn 28.13 % 29.83 % 24.76 % 0.2 s 4 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
92 VoxelNet(Unofficial) 27.26 % 26.86 % 25.12 % 0.5 s GPU @ 2.0 Ghz (Python)
93 SubCat48LDCF code 26.78 % 34.43 % 19.46 % 0.5 s 8 cores @ 3.5 Ghz (Matlab + C/C++)
A. Fernández-Baldera, J. Buenaposada and L. Baumela: BAdaCost: Multi-class Boosting with Costs . Pattern Recognition 2018.
94 RFBnet 26.39 % 32.45 % 23.97 % 0.2 s 4 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
95 Lidar_ROI+Yolo(UJS) 25.40 % 28.93 % 22.51 % 0.1 s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
96 CSoR
This method makes use of Velodyne laser scans.
 code 25.38 % 34.43 % 21.95 % 3.5 s 4 cores @ >3.5 Ghz (Python + C/C++)
L. Plotkin: PyDriver: Entwicklung eines Frameworks für räumliche Detektion und Klassifikation von Objekten in Fahrzeugumgebung. 2015.
97 100Frcnn 25.26 % 34.82 % 21.73 % 2 s 4 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (Python + C/C++)
98 RT3D
This method makes use of Velodyne laser scans.
 18.98 % 24.23 % 20.56 % 0.09 s GPU @ 1.8Ghz
Y. Zeng, Y. Hu, S. Liu, J. Ye, Y. Han, X. Li and N. Sun: RT3D: Real-Time 3-D Vehicle Detection in LiDAR Point Cloud for Autonomous Driving. IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters 2018.
99 softyolo 18.22 % 25.50 % 15.97 % 0.16 s 4 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
100 rpn 17.04 % 25.68 % 13.96 % 0.01 s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
101 Licar
This method makes use of Velodyne laser scans.
 15.58 % 18.24 % 16.15 % 0.09 s GPU @ 2.0 Ghz (Python)
102 KD53-20 14.27 % 20.79 % 12.61 % 0.19 s 4 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
103 DLnet 8.48 % 9.09 % 7.39 % 0.3 s 4 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
104 SN-net 0.00 % 0.00 % 0.00 % 0.8 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (Python + C/C++)
105 JSyolo 0.00 % 0.00 % 0.00 % 0.16 s 4 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
Table as LaTeX | Only published Methods


Pedestrians


Method Setting Code Moderate Easy Hard Runtime Environment
1 Sogo_MM 66.83 % 78.89 % 62.06 % 1.5 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
2 SubCNN 66.28 % 78.33 % 61.37 % 2 s GPU @ 3.5 Ghz (Python + C/C++)
Y. Xiang, W. Choi, Y. Lin and S. Savarese: Subcategory-aware Convolutional Neural Networks for Object Proposals and Detection. IEEE Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision (WACV) 2017.
3 Pose-RCNN 59.89 % 74.10 % 54.21 % 2 s >8 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
M. Braun, Q. Rao, Y. Wang and F. Flohr: Pose-RCNN: Joint object detection and pose estimation using 3D object proposals. Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC), 2016 IEEE 19th International Conference on 2016.
4 3DOP
This method uses stereo information.
 code 59.79 % 73.46 % 57.04 % 3s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (Matlab + C/C++)
X. Chen, K. Kundu, Y. Zhu, A. Berneshawi, H. Ma, S. Fidler and R. Urtasun: 3D Object Proposals for Accurate Object Class Detection. NIPS 2015.
5 DeepStereoOP 59.28 % 73.37 % 56.87 % 3.4 s GPU @ 3.5 Ghz (Matlab + C/C++)
C. Pham and J. Jeon: Robust Object Proposals Re-ranking for Object Detection in Autonomous Driving Using Convolutional Neural Networks. Signal Processing: Image Communiation 2017.
6 Mono3D code 58.12 % 68.58 % 54.94 % 4.2 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (Matlab + C/C++)
X. Chen, K. Kundu, Z. Zhang, H. Ma, S. Fidler and R. Urtasun: Monocular 3D Object Detection for Autonomous Driving. CVPR 2016.
7 MonoPSR 56.30 % 70.56 % 49.84 % 0.2 s GPU @ 3.5 Ghz (Python)
8 FRCNN+Or code 52.62 % 66.84 % 48.72 % 0.09 s Titan Xp GPU
C. Guindel, D. Martin and J. Armingol: Fast Joint Object Detection and Viewpoint Estimation for Traffic Scene Understanding. IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Magazine 2018.
C. Guindel, D. Martin and J. Armingol: Joint Object Detection and Viewpoint Estimation using CNN features. IEEE International Conference on Vehicular Electronics and Safety (ICVES) 2017.
9 PointPillars
This method makes use of Velodyne laser scans.
 49.66 % 58.05 % 47.88 % 16 ms 1080ti GPU and Intel i7 CPU
10 CLF3D
This method makes use of Velodyne laser scans.
 46.86 % 62.19 % 44.92 % 0.13 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
11 AVOD-FPN
This method makes use of Velodyne laser scans.
 code 44.92 % 53.36 % 43.77 % 0.1 s Titan X (Pascal)
J. Ku, M. Mozifian, J. Lee, A. Harakeh and S. Waslander: Joint 3D Proposal Generation and Object Detection from View Aggregation. IROS 2018.
12 SECOND code 43.51 % 51.56 % 38.78 % 38 ms 1080Ti
Y. Yan, Y. Mao and B. Li: SECOND: Sparsely Embedded Convolutional Detection. Sensors 2018.
13 SS3D 43.45 % 52.70 % 37.20 % 88 ms Tesla V100 (Python)
14 ARPNET 42.40 % 54.90 % 41.21 % 0.08 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (Python + C/C++)
15 DPM-VOC+VP 39.83 % 53.66 % 35.73 % 8 s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
B. Pepik, M. Stark, P. Gehler and B. Schiele: Multi-view and 3D Deformable Part Models. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence (TPAMI) 2015.
16 VCTNet 38.60 % 43.57 % 36.82 % 0.02 s GPU @ 1.5 Ghz (C/C++)
17 HBA-RCNN 38.06 % 43.81 % 35.02 % 0.4 s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
18 sensekitti code 37.50 % 43.55 % 35.08 % 4.5 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (Python + C/C++)
B. Yang, J. Yan, Z. Lei and S. Li: Craft Objects from Images. CVPR 2016.
19 Tencent_ADlab_Lidar
This method makes use of Velodyne laser scans.
 37.41 % 43.10 % 35.88 % 0.1 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (Python + C/C++)
20 cas_retina_1_13 36.62 % 46.29 % 35.40 % 0.03 s 4 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
21 AVOD
This method makes use of Velodyne laser scans.
 code 36.38 % 44.12 % 31.81 % 0.08 s Titan X (pascal)
J. Ku, M. Mozifian, J. Lee, A. Harakeh and S. Waslander: Joint 3D Proposal Generation and Object Detection from View Aggregation. IROS 2018.
22 AtrousDet 36.10 % 42.90 % 32.09 % 0.05 s TITAN X
23 LSVM-MDPM-sv 35.49 % 47.00 % 32.42 % 10 s 4 cores @ 3.0 Ghz (C/C++)
P. Felzenszwalb, R. Girshick, D. McAllester and D. Ramanan: Object Detection with Discriminatively Trained Part-Based Models. PAMI 2010.
A. Geiger, C. Wojek and R. Urtasun: Joint 3D Estimation of Objects and Scene Layout. NIPS 2011.
24 IPOD 35.32 % 41.46 % 31.59 % 0.2 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (Python + C/C++)
Z. Yang, Y. Sun, S. Liu, X. Shen and J. Jia: IPOD: Intensive Point-based Object Detector for Point Cloud. arXiv preprint arXiv:1812.05276 2018.
25 PP_v1.0 code 34.25 % 39.84 % 32.86 % 0.02s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
26 SubCat 34.18 % 43.95 % 30.76 % 1.2 s 6 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (Matlab + C/C++)
E. Ohn-Bar and M. Trivedi: Fast and Robust Object Detection Using Visual Subcategories. Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops Mobile Vision 2014.
27 CHTTL MMF 34.17 % 43.98 % 30.89 % 0.1 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (Python + C/C++)
28 ELLIOT
This method makes use of Velodyne laser scans.
 34.11 % 41.90 % 32.18 % 0.1 s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
29 cascadercnn 33.27 % 43.05 % 28.88 % 0.36 s 4 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
30 cas_retina 33.02 % 42.79 % 31.91 % 0.2 s 4 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
31 merge12-12 32.94 % 42.47 % 31.87 % 0.2 s 4 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
32 cas+res+soft 32.84 % 42.36 % 31.66 % 0.2 s 4 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
33 RPN+BF code 32.55 % 40.97 % 29.52 % 0.6 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (Matlab + C/C++)
L. Zhang, L. Lin, X. Liang and K. He: Is Faster R-CNN Doing Well for Pedestrian Detection?. ECCV 2016.
34 RFCN 32.48 % 40.51 % 28.66 % 0.2 s 4 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
35 X_MD 32.45 % 43.55 % 31.29 % 0.2 s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
36 ReSqueeze 32.35 % 37.95 % 30.38 % 0.03 s GPU @ >3.5 Ghz (Python)
37 bin 31.81 % 36.25 % 29.83 % 15ms s GPU @ >3.5 Ghz (Python)
38 Complexer-YOLO
This method makes use of Velodyne laser scans.
 31.80 % 37.80 % 31.26 % 0.06 s GPU @ 3.5 Ghz (C/C++)
39 LPN 31.63 % 38.40 % 28.90 % 0.2 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (Python + C/C++)
40 ZKNet 31.58 % 39.11 % 28.78 % 0.01 s GPU @ 2.0 Ghz (Python)
41 ODES code 31.43 % 36.84 % 29.00 % 0.02 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
ERROR: Wrong syntax in BIBTEX file.
42 yolo800 31.42 % 40.42 % 30.50 % 0.13 s 4 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
43 detectron code 31.20 % 41.08 % 30.78 % 0.01 s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
44 RFCN_RFB 30.38 % 38.00 % 26.72 % 0.2 s 4 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
45 fasterrcnn 29.82 % 38.69 % 28.45 % 0.2 s 4 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
46 MTDP 29.04 % 36.90 % 25.96 % 0.15 s GPU @ 2.0 Ghz (Python)
47 FD2 28.59 % 35.53 % 26.02 % 0.01 s GPU @ >3.5 Ghz (Python + C/C++)
48 ACF 28.46 % 35.69 % 26.18 % 1 s 1 core @ 3.5 Ghz (Matlab + C/C++)
P. Doll\'ar, R. Appel, S. Belongie and P. Perona: Fast Feature Pyramids for Object Detection. PAMI 2014.
49 cascade_gw 27.51 % 36.55 % 23.20 % 0.2 s 4 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
50 multi-task CNN 26.98 % 33.58 % 23.07 % 25.1 ms GPU @ 2.0 Ghz (Python)
M. Oeljeklaus, F. Hoffmann and T. Bertram: A Fast Multi-Task CNN for Spatial Understanding of Traffic Scenes. IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Conference 2018.
51 softyolo 26.04 % 34.86 % 25.28 % 0.16 s 4 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
52 Cmerge 24.19 % 34.08 % 24.04 % 0.2 s 4 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
53 Resnet101Faster rcnn 23.89 % 30.25 % 23.38 % 1 s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
54 Lidar_ROI+Yolo(UJS) 23.43 % 28.50 % 19.87 % 0.1 s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
55 DPM-C8B1
This method uses stereo information.
 23.37 % 31.08 % 20.72 % 15 s 4 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (Matlab + C/C++)
J. Yebes, L. Bergasa and M. García-Garrido: Visual Object Recognition with 3D-Aware Features in KITTI Urban Scenes. Sensors 2015.
J. Yebes, L. Bergasa, R. Arroyo and A. Lázaro: Supervised learning and evaluation of KITTI's cars detector with DPM. IV 2014.
56 Retinanet100 23.23 % 28.72 % 19.00 % 0.2 s 4 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
57 ACF-MR 23.18 % 29.35 % 21.00 % 0.6 s 1 core @ 3.5 Ghz (C/C++)
R. Rajaram, E. Ohn-Bar and M. Trivedi: Looking at Pedestrians at Different Scales: A Multi-resolution Approach and Evaluations. T-ITS 2016.
58 KD53-20 22.24 % 26.50 % 19.80 % 0.19 s 4 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
59 rpn 22.07 % 30.16 % 21.44 % 0.01 s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
60 100Frcnn 18.55 % 23.61 % 18.34 % 2 s 4 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (Python + C/C++)
61 BirdNet
This method makes use of Velodyne laser scans.
 17.26 % 21.34 % 16.67 % 0.11 s Titan Xp GPU
J. Beltran, C. Guindel, F. Moreno, D. Cruzado, F. Garcia and A. Escalera: BirdNet: a 3D Object Detection Framework from LiDAR information. arXiv preprint arXiv:1805.01195 2018.
62 softretina 0.49 % 0.35 % 0.50 % 0.16 s 4 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
63 JSyolo 0.23 % 0.20 % 0.25 % 0.16 s 4 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
64 SN-net 0.00 % 0.00 % 0.00 % 0.8 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (Python + C/C++)
Table as LaTeX | Only published Methods


Cyclists


Method Setting Code Moderate Easy Hard Runtime Environment
1 ARPNET 69.13 % 79.33 % 62.24 % 0.08 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (Python + C/C++)
2 PointPillars
This method makes use of Velodyne laser scans.
 68.16 % 82.43 % 61.96 % 16 ms 1080ti GPU and Intel i7 CPU
3 Tencent_ADlab_Lidar
This method makes use of Velodyne laser scans.
 65.60 % 80.04 % 59.60 % 0.1 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (Python + C/C++)
4 Sogo_MM 63.59 % 70.70 % 56.15 % 1.5 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
5 SubCNN 63.41 % 71.39 % 56.34 % 2 s GPU @ 3.5 Ghz (Python + C/C++)
Y. Xiang, W. Choi, Y. Lin and S. Savarese: Subcategory-aware Convolutional Neural Networks for Object Proposals and Detection. IEEE Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision (WACV) 2017.
6 Pose-RCNN 62.25 % 74.85 % 55.09 % 2 s >8 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
M. Braun, Q. Rao, Y. Wang and F. Flohr: Pose-RCNN: Joint object detection and pose estimation using 3D object proposals. Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC), 2016 IEEE 19th International Conference on 2016.
7 Deep3DBox 59.37 % 68.58 % 51.97 % 1.5 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
A. Mousavian, D. Anguelov, J. Flynn and J. Kosecka: 3D Bounding Box Estimation Using Deep Learning and Geometry. CVPR 2017.
8 3DOP
This method uses stereo information.
 code 58.59 % 71.95 % 52.35 % 3s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (Matlab + C/C++)
X. Chen, K. Kundu, Y. Zhu, A. Berneshawi, H. Ma, S. Fidler and R. Urtasun: 3D Object Proposals for Accurate Object Class Detection. NIPS 2015.
9 PP_v1.0 code 58.34 % 74.19 % 52.29 % 0.02s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
10 AVOD-FPN
This method makes use of Velodyne laser scans.
 code 57.53 % 67.61 % 54.16 % 0.1 s Titan X (Pascal)
J. Ku, M. Mozifian, J. Lee, A. Harakeh and S. Waslander: Joint 3D Proposal Generation and Object Detection from View Aggregation. IROS 2018.
11 SECOND code 57.20 % 80.97 % 55.14 % 38 ms 1080Ti
Y. Yan, Y. Mao and B. Li: SECOND: Sparsely Embedded Convolutional Detection. Sensors 2018.
12 ELLIOT
This method makes use of Velodyne laser scans.
 56.42 % 74.07 % 51.61 % 0.1 s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
13 Complexer-YOLO
This method makes use of Velodyne laser scans.
 56.32 % 64.51 % 56.23 % 0.06 s GPU @ 3.5 Ghz (C/C++)
14 DeepStereoOP 55.62 % 67.49 % 48.85 % 3.4 s GPU @ 3.5 Ghz (Matlab + C/C++)
C. Pham and J. Jeon: Robust Object Proposals Re-ranking for Object Detection in Autonomous Driving Using Convolutional Neural Networks. Signal Processing: Image Communiation 2017.
15 AVOD
This method makes use of Velodyne laser scans.
 code 54.43 % 64.36 % 47.67 % 0.08 s Titan X (pascal)
J. Ku, M. Mozifian, J. Lee, A. Harakeh and S. Waslander: Joint 3D Proposal Generation and Object Detection from View Aggregation. IROS 2018.
16 Mono3D code 53.11 % 65.74 % 48.87 % 4.2 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (Matlab + C/C++)
X. Chen, K. Kundu, Z. Zhang, H. Ma, S. Fidler and R. Urtasun: Monocular 3D Object Detection for Autonomous Driving. CVPR 2016.
17 FRCNN+Or code 50.91 % 63.41 % 45.46 % 0.09 s Titan Xp GPU
C. Guindel, D. Martin and J. Armingol: Fast Joint Object Detection and Viewpoint Estimation for Traffic Scene Understanding. IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Magazine 2018.
C. Guindel, D. Martin and J. Armingol: Joint Object Detection and Viewpoint Estimation using CNN features. IEEE International Conference on Vehicular Electronics and Safety (ICVES) 2017.
18 MonoPSR 49.30 % 58.93 % 43.45 % 0.2 s GPU @ 3.5 Ghz (Python)
19 CLF3D
This method makes use of Velodyne laser scans.
 46.66 % 64.55 % 39.30 % 0.13 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
20 X_MD 45.90 % 61.86 % 39.14 % 0.2 s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
21 sensekitti code 42.12 % 46.65 % 36.66 % 4.5 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (Python + C/C++)
B. Yang, J. Yan, Z. Lei and S. Li: Craft Objects from Images. CVPR 2016.
22 VCTNet 37.64 % 46.21 % 33.46 % 0.02 s GPU @ 1.5 Ghz (C/C++)
23 ODES code 33.74 % 37.75 % 30.34 % 0.02 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
ERROR: Wrong syntax in BIBTEX file.
24 SS3D 31.17 % 44.77 % 28.96 % 88 ms Tesla V100 (Python)
25 BirdNet
This method makes use of Velodyne laser scans.
 30.76 % 41.48 % 28.66 % 0.11 s Titan Xp GPU
J. Beltran, C. Guindel, F. Moreno, D. Cruzado, F. Garcia and A. Escalera: BirdNet: a 3D Object Detection Framework from LiDAR information. arXiv preprint arXiv:1805.01195 2018.
26 bin 29.53 % 34.66 % 25.98 % 15ms s GPU @ >3.5 Ghz (Python)
27 IPOD 28.88 % 36.04 % 25.66 % 0.2 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (Python + C/C++)
Z. Yang, Y. Sun, S. Liu, X. Shen and J. Jia: IPOD: Intensive Point-based Object Detector for Point Cloud. arXiv preprint arXiv:1812.05276 2018.
28 AtrousDet 28.47 % 33.27 % 25.62 % 0.05 s TITAN X
29 ReSqueeze 27.40 % 35.39 % 24.32 % 0.03 s GPU @ >3.5 Ghz (Python)
30 LPN 27.01 % 32.96 % 25.01 % 0.2 s GPU @ 2.5 Ghz (Python + C/C++)
31 merge12-12 26.91 % 32.25 % 23.72 % 0.2 s 4 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
32 cas+res+soft 26.83 % 32.33 % 23.63 % 0.2 s 4 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
33 cascadercnn 26.62 % 33.02 % 23.01 % 0.36 s 4 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
34 detectron code 26.36 % 27.44 % 23.20 % 0.01 s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
35 FD2 24.65 % 35.58 % 21.97 % 0.01 s GPU @ >3.5 Ghz (Python + C/C++)
36 cas_retina 24.58 % 30.82 % 23.79 % 0.2 s 4 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
37 cas_retina_1_13 24.37 % 30.31 % 25.81 % 0.03 s 4 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
38 DPM-VOC+VP 23.22 % 31.24 % 21.62 % 8 s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
B. Pepik, M. Stark, P. Gehler and B. Schiele: Multi-view and 3D Deformable Part Models. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence (TPAMI) 2015.
39 LSVM-MDPM-sv 23.14 % 28.89 % 22.28 % 10 s 4 cores @ 3.0 Ghz (C/C++)
P. Felzenszwalb, R. Girshick, D. McAllester and D. Ramanan: Object Detection with Discriminatively Trained Part-Based Models. PAMI 2010.
A. Geiger, C. Wojek and R. Urtasun: Joint 3D Estimation of Objects and Scene Layout. NIPS 2011.
40 fasterrcnn 22.08 % 28.60 % 19.31 % 0.2 s 4 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
41 yolo800 21.69 % 28.20 % 19.53 % 0.13 s 4 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
42 ZKNet 21.50 % 28.20 % 19.12 % 0.01 s GPU @ 2.0 Ghz (Python)
43 RFCN 20.80 % 26.55 % 19.22 % 0.2 s 4 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
44 RFCN_RFB 20.44 % 25.95 % 18.78 % 0.2 s 4 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
45 cascade_gw 19.56 % 26.76 % 17.09 % 0.2 s 4 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
46 DPM-C8B1
This method uses stereo information.
 19.25 % 27.16 % 17.95 % 15 s 4 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (Matlab + C/C++)
J. Yebes, L. Bergasa and M. García-Garrido: Visual Object Recognition with 3D-Aware Features in KITTI Urban Scenes. Sensors 2015.
J. Yebes, L. Bergasa, R. Arroyo and A. Lázaro: Supervised learning and evaluation of KITTI's cars detector with DPM. IV 2014.
47 Cmerge 19.19 % 26.37 % 18.56 % 0.2 s 4 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
48 MTDP 18.95 % 23.33 % 17.24 % 0.15 s GPU @ 2.0 Ghz (Python)
49 Retinanet100 15.16 % 18.64 % 12.49 % 0.2 s 4 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
50 softyolo 12.14 % 16.84 % 10.51 % 0.16 s 4 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
51 100Frcnn 11.79 % 17.33 % 10.99 % 2 s 4 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (Python + C/C++)
52 rpn 11.30 % 14.62 % 8.94 % 0.01 s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
53 Lidar_ROI+Yolo(UJS) 9.31 % 13.88 % 9.12 % 0.1 s 1 core @ 2.5 Ghz (C/C++)
54 KD53-20 6.15 % 7.81 % 6.35 % 0.19 s 4 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
55 softretina 0.20 % 0.14 % 0.10 % 0.16 s 4 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
56 JSyolo 0.15 % 0.15 % 0.15 % 0.16 s 4 cores @ 2.5 Ghz (Python)
Table as LaTeX | Only published Methods


Related Datasets

Citation

When using this dataset in your research, we will be happy if you cite us:
@INPROCEEDINGS{Geiger2012CVPR,
  author = {Andreas Geiger and Philip Lenz and Raquel Urtasun},
  title = {Are we ready for Autonomous Driving? The KITTI Vision Benchmark Suite},
  booktitle = {Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR)},
  year = {2012}
}



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