Method

Real-Time SGM Stereo Optimized for Embedded ARM and CUDA Devices [st] [ReS2tAC]


Submitted on 9 Jun. 2021 14:14 by
Boitumelo Ruf (Fraunhofer IOSB)

Running time:0.06 s
Environment:Jetson AGX GPU @ 1.5 Ghz (C/C++)

Method Description:
We propose an approach for real-time embedded
stereo processing on ARM and CUDA-enabled
devices, which is based on the popular and widely
used Semi-Global Matching algorithm. In this, we
propose an optimization of the algorithm for
embedded CUDA GPUs, by using massively parallel
computing, as well as using the NEON intrinsics
to optimize the algorithm for vectorized SIMD
processing on embedded ARM CPUs.
Parameters:
Cost-Function: 9x7 Census Transform
P1: 11
P2: 113
Subpixel Disparity Refinement
Latex Bibtex:
@Article{Ruf2021restac,
author = {Boitumelo Ruf and Jonas Mohrs and
Martin Weinmann and Stefan Hinz and Jürgen
Beyerer},
journal = {Sensors},
title = {{ReS2tAC} - {UAV}-Borne Real-Time
{SGM} Stereo Optimized for Embedded {ARM} and
{CUDA} Devices},
year = {2021},
month = {jun},
number = {11},
pages = {3938},
volume = {21},
doi = {10.3390/s21113938},
publisher = {{MDPI} {AG}},
}

Detailed Results

This page provides detailed results for the method(s) selected. For the first 20 test images, the percentage of erroneous pixels is depicted in the table. We use the error metric described in Object Scene Flow for Autonomous Vehicles (CVPR 2015), which considers a pixel to be correctly estimated if the disparity or flow end-point error is <3px or <5% (for scene flow this criterion needs to be fulfilled for both disparity maps and the flow map). Underneath, the left input image, the estimated results and the error maps are shown (for disp_0/disp_1/flow/scene_flow, respectively). The error map uses the log-color scale described in Object Scene Flow for Autonomous Vehicles (CVPR 2015), depicting correct estimates (<3px or <5% error) in blue and wrong estimates in red color tones. Dark regions in the error images denote the occluded pixels which fall outside the image boundaries. The false color maps of the results are scaled to the largest ground truth disparity values / flow magnitudes.

Test Set Average

Error D1-bg D1-fg D1-all
All / All 6.27 16.07 7.90
All / Est 2.72 8.74 3.68
Noc / All 5.14 14.29 6.65
Noc / Est 2.60 8.59 3.56
This table as LaTeX

Test Image 0

Error D1-bg D1-fg D1-all
All / All 9.29 6.36 8.89
All / Est 5.10 2.92 4.81
Noc / All 8.29 6.36 8.02
Noc / Est 4.99 2.92 4.71
This table as LaTeX

Input Image

D1 Result

D1 Error


Test Image 1

Error D1-bg D1-fg D1-all
All / All 4.59 11.01 5.31
All / Est 2.09 8.76 2.84
Noc / All 3.57 11.01 4.41
Noc / Est 2.03 8.76 2.79
This table as LaTeX

Input Image

D1 Result

D1 Error


Test Image 2

Error D1-bg D1-fg D1-all
All / All 6.44 6.33 6.44
All / Est 2.88 3.06 2.89
Noc / All 5.23 6.33 5.28
Noc / Est 2.67 3.06 2.69
This table as LaTeX

Input Image

D1 Result

D1 Error


Test Image 3

Error D1-bg D1-fg D1-all
All / All 8.06 19.88 9.15
All / Est 4.27 13.68 5.11
Noc / All 7.02 19.88 8.23
Noc / Est 4.16 13.68 5.02
This table as LaTeX

Input Image

D1 Result

D1 Error


Test Image 4

Error D1-bg D1-fg D1-all
All / All 8.12 11.35 8.66
All / Est 3.74 8.06 4.50
Noc / All 6.51 11.35 7.33
Noc / Est 3.51 8.06 4.31
This table as LaTeX

Input Image

D1 Result

D1 Error


Test Image 5

Error D1-bg D1-fg D1-all
All / All 15.55 12.33 15.26
All / Est 8.94 6.71 8.71
Noc / All 13.62 12.33 13.50
Noc / Est 8.67 6.71 8.47
This table as LaTeX

Input Image

D1 Result

D1 Error


Test Image 6

Error D1-bg D1-fg D1-all
All / All 12.73 5.47 11.97
All / Est 7.03 2.89 6.50
Noc / All 11.45 5.47 10.81
Noc / Est 6.70 2.89 6.22
This table as LaTeX

Input Image

D1 Result

D1 Error


Test Image 7

Error D1-bg D1-fg D1-all
All / All 5.38 11.63 6.60
All / Est 2.08 7.67 3.20
Noc / All 4.45 11.63 5.88
Noc / Est 1.96 7.67 3.11
This table as LaTeX

Input Image

D1 Result

D1 Error


Test Image 8

Error D1-bg D1-fg D1-all
All / All 4.05 3.77 4.00
All / Est 1.85 2.75 2.03
Noc / All 4.00 3.77 3.96
Noc / Est 1.85 2.75 2.02
This table as LaTeX

Input Image

D1 Result

D1 Error


Test Image 9

Error D1-bg D1-fg D1-all
All / All 4.69 8.56 5.68
All / Est 2.15 3.27 2.44
Noc / All 3.94 6.36 4.54
Noc / Est 2.09 3.04 2.34
This table as LaTeX

Input Image

D1 Result

D1 Error


Test Image 10

Error D1-bg D1-fg D1-all
All / All 4.89 6.54 5.27
All / Est 3.14 2.90 3.09
Noc / All 4.04 6.54 4.61
Noc / Est 3.09 2.90 3.04
This table as LaTeX

Input Image

D1 Result

D1 Error


Test Image 11

Error D1-bg D1-fg D1-all
All / All 3.04 3.31 3.09
All / Est 1.57 1.61 1.57
Noc / All 2.52 3.31 2.67
Noc / Est 1.54 1.61 1.55
This table as LaTeX

Input Image

D1 Result

D1 Error


Test Image 12

Error D1-bg D1-fg D1-all
All / All 2.33 2.57 2.35
All / Est 0.61 1.27 0.66
Noc / All 1.56 2.57 1.63
Noc / Est 0.54 1.27 0.60
This table as LaTeX

Input Image

D1 Result

D1 Error


Test Image 13

Error D1-bg D1-fg D1-all
All / All 2.41 3.65 2.56
All / Est 0.77 2.72 1.02
Noc / All 1.63 3.65 1.88
Noc / Est 0.71 2.72 0.96
This table as LaTeX

Input Image

D1 Result

D1 Error


Test Image 14

Error D1-bg D1-fg D1-all
All / All 2.36 3.71 2.39
All / Est 1.26 1.97 1.27
Noc / All 1.70 3.71 1.73
Noc / Est 1.21 1.97 1.23
This table as LaTeX

Input Image

D1 Result

D1 Error


Test Image 15

Error D1-bg D1-fg D1-all
All / All 5.99 3.36 5.76
All / Est 2.20 1.91 2.17
Noc / All 4.97 3.36 4.82
Noc / Est 2.17 1.91 2.15
This table as LaTeX

Input Image

D1 Result

D1 Error


Test Image 16

Error D1-bg D1-fg D1-all
All / All 7.36 4.47 6.94
All / Est 3.37 2.25 3.20
Noc / All 6.60 4.47 6.28
Noc / Est 3.30 2.25 3.14
This table as LaTeX

Input Image

D1 Result

D1 Error


Test Image 17

Error D1-bg D1-fg D1-all
All / All 3.64 1.67 3.43
All / Est 1.44 0.77 1.37
Noc / All 2.27 1.67 2.20
Noc / Est 1.39 0.77 1.32
This table as LaTeX

Input Image

D1 Result

D1 Error


Test Image 18

Error D1-bg D1-fg D1-all
All / All 9.56 14.19 11.76
All / Est 4.58 9.13 6.70
Noc / All 8.48 14.19 11.22
Noc / Est 4.54 9.13 6.68
This table as LaTeX

Input Image

D1 Result

D1 Error


Test Image 19

Error D1-bg D1-fg D1-all
All / All 3.11 4.41 3.25
All / Est 1.08 3.23 1.33
Noc / All 2.03 4.41 2.31
Noc / Est 1.00 3.23 1.26
This table as LaTeX

Input Image

D1 Result

D1 Error




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