Method

Binary TTC: A Temporal Geofence for Autonomous Navigation [Binary TTC]


Submitted on 17 Jun. 2021 22:09 by
abhishek badki (UCSB)

Running time:2 s
Environment:GPU @ 1.0 Ghz (Python)

Method Description:
Binary TTC estimates time-to-contact (TTC) via
a series of binary classifications. TTC is
related to motion-in-depth. Combining motion-
in-depth with the disparity estimated for the
reference frame gives us the disparity of the
source image. Together with optical-flow
estimation, this gives us the scene-flow
estimation. We use GANet for disparity
estimation, VCN for optical-flow estimation,
and our proposed approach for motion-in-depth
estimation.
Parameters:
Our motion-in-depth estimation uses SPP-based
feature extractor, a simple 2D auto-encoder with
skip connections for
multiple binary classifications, and a simple
refinement network.
Latex Bibtex:
@InProceedings{badki2021BiTTC,
author = {Badki, Abhishek and Gallo, Orazio and Kautz, Jan and Sen,
Pradeep},
title = {{B}inary {TTC}: {A} Temporal Geofence for Autonomous
Navigation},
booktitle = {The IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern
Recognition (CVPR)},
year = {2021}
}

Detailed Results

This page provides detailed results for the method(s) selected. For the first 20 test images, the percentage of erroneous pixels is depicted in the table. We use the error metric described in Object Scene Flow for Autonomous Vehicles (CVPR 2015), which considers a pixel to be correctly estimated if the disparity or flow end-point error is <3px or <5% (for scene flow this criterion needs to be fulfilled for both disparity maps and the flow map). Underneath, the left input image, the estimated results and the error maps are shown (for disp_0/disp_1/flow/scene_flow, respectively). The error map uses the log-color scale described in Object Scene Flow for Autonomous Vehicles (CVPR 2015), depicting correct estimates (<3px or <5% error) in blue and wrong estimates in red color tones. Dark regions in the error images denote the occluded pixels which fall outside the image boundaries. The false color maps of the results are scaled to the largest ground truth disparity values / flow magnitudes.

Test Set Average

Error D1-bg D1-fg D1-all D2-bg D2-fg D2-all Fl-bg Fl-fg Fl-all SF-bg SF-fg SF-all
All / All 1.48 3.46 1.81 3.84 9.39 4.76 5.84 8.67 6.31 7.45 13.74 8.50
All / Est 1.48 3.46 1.81 3.84 9.39 4.76 5.84 8.67 6.31 7.45 13.74 8.50
Noc / All 1.34 3.11 1.63 1.93 6.38 2.72 3.51 5.63 3.89 4.32 9.77 5.29
Noc / Est 1.34 3.11 1.63 1.93 6.38 2.72 3.51 5.63 3.89 4.32 9.77 5.29
This table as LaTeX

Test Image 0

Error D1-bg D1-fg D1-all D2-bg D2-fg D2-all Fl-bg Fl-fg Fl-all SF-bg SF-fg SF-all
All / All 1.50 1.16 1.45 1.97 1.19 1.86 2.91 15.26 4.61 3.91 15.54 5.50
All / Est 1.50 1.16 1.45 1.97 1.19 1.86 2.91 15.26 4.61 3.91 15.54 5.50
Noc / All 1.44 1.16 1.40 1.73 1.19 1.64 2.93 15.26 4.80 3.77 15.54 5.59
Noc / Est 1.44 1.16 1.40 1.73 1.19 1.64 2.93 15.26 4.80 3.77 15.54 5.59
This table as LaTeX

Input Image

D1 Result

D1 Error

D2 Result

D2 Error

Flow Result

Flow Error

Scene Flow Error


Test Image 1

Error D1-bg D1-fg D1-all D2-bg D2-fg D2-all Fl-bg Fl-fg Fl-all SF-bg SF-fg SF-all
All / All 1.48 2.23 1.57 1.57 4.02 1.84 2.67 14.14 3.95 3.24 15.92 4.66
All / Est 1.48 2.23 1.57 1.57 4.02 1.84 2.67 14.14 3.95 3.24 15.92 4.66
Noc / All 1.41 2.23 1.50 1.53 4.02 1.85 2.71 14.14 4.12 3.21 15.92 4.82
Noc / Est 1.41 2.23 1.50 1.53 4.02 1.85 2.71 14.14 4.12 3.21 15.92 4.82
This table as LaTeX

Input Image

D1 Result

D1 Error

D2 Result

D2 Error

Flow Result

Flow Error

Scene Flow Error


Test Image 2

Error D1-bg D1-fg D1-all D2-bg D2-fg D2-all Fl-bg Fl-fg Fl-all SF-bg SF-fg SF-all
All / All 1.79 3.88 1.89 6.75 4.09 6.62 6.88 2.56 6.67 10.37 5.50 10.13
All / Est 1.79 3.88 1.89 6.75 4.09 6.62 6.88 2.56 6.67 10.37 5.50 10.13
Noc / All 1.60 3.88 1.71 3.74 4.09 3.76 5.22 2.56 5.07 6.92 5.50 6.84
Noc / Est 1.60 3.88 1.71 3.74 4.09 3.76 5.22 2.56 5.07 6.92 5.50 6.84
This table as LaTeX

Input Image

D1 Result

D1 Error

D2 Result

D2 Error

Flow Result

Flow Error

Scene Flow Error


Test Image 3

Error D1-bg D1-fg D1-all D2-bg D2-fg D2-all Fl-bg Fl-fg Fl-all SF-bg SF-fg SF-all
All / All 1.61 0.23 1.48 3.23 3.20 3.23 9.47 14.23 9.91 10.11 15.08 10.57
All / Est 1.61 0.23 1.48 3.23 3.20 3.23 9.47 14.23 9.91 10.11 15.08 10.57
Noc / All 1.57 0.23 1.45 2.20 4.17 2.33 6.02 10.81 6.43 6.33 7.51 6.41
Noc / Est 1.57 0.23 1.45 2.20 4.17 2.33 6.02 10.81 6.43 6.33 7.51 6.41
This table as LaTeX

Input Image

D1 Result

D1 Error

D2 Result

D2 Error

Flow Result

Flow Error

Scene Flow Error


Test Image 4

Error D1-bg D1-fg D1-all D2-bg D2-fg D2-all Fl-bg Fl-fg Fl-all SF-bg SF-fg SF-all
All / All 2.44 0.30 2.08 3.59 1.29 3.21 5.00 11.40 6.06 7.36 11.77 8.09
All / Est 2.44 0.30 2.08 3.59 1.29 3.21 5.00 11.40 6.06 7.36 11.77 8.09
Noc / All 2.37 0.30 2.02 3.29 1.48 2.98 4.45 10.04 5.49 6.91 7.50 7.01
Noc / Est 2.37 0.30 2.02 3.29 1.48 2.98 4.45 10.04 5.49 6.91 7.50 7.01
This table as LaTeX

Input Image

D1 Result

D1 Error

D2 Result

D2 Error

Flow Result

Flow Error

Scene Flow Error


Test Image 5

Error D1-bg D1-fg D1-all D2-bg D2-fg D2-all Fl-bg Fl-fg Fl-all SF-bg SF-fg SF-all
All / All 2.10 2.12 2.10 3.21 2.02 3.10 3.83 0.08 3.49 5.02 2.20 4.76
All / Est 2.10 2.12 2.10 3.21 2.02 3.10 3.83 0.08 3.49 5.02 2.20 4.76
Noc / All 1.99 2.12 2.00 2.28 2.02 2.25 2.50 0.08 2.25 3.36 2.20 3.24
Noc / Est 1.99 2.12 2.00 2.28 2.02 2.25 2.50 0.08 2.25 3.36 2.20 3.24
This table as LaTeX

Input Image

D1 Result

D1 Error

D2 Result

D2 Error

Flow Result

Flow Error

Scene Flow Error


Test Image 6

Error D1-bg D1-fg D1-all D2-bg D2-fg D2-all Fl-bg Fl-fg Fl-all SF-bg SF-fg SF-all
All / All 3.69 1.03 3.41 4.28 1.72 4.01 5.00 0.78 4.55 6.40 2.17 5.95
All / Est 3.69 1.03 3.41 4.28 1.72 4.01 5.00 0.78 4.55 6.40 2.17 5.95
Noc / All 3.78 1.03 3.48 3.40 1.72 3.19 3.09 0.78 2.81 4.66 2.17 4.36
Noc / Est 3.78 1.03 3.48 3.40 1.72 3.19 3.09 0.78 2.81 4.66 2.17 4.36
This table as LaTeX

Input Image

D1 Result

D1 Error

D2 Result

D2 Error

Flow Result

Flow Error

Scene Flow Error


Test Image 7

Error D1-bg D1-fg D1-all D2-bg D2-fg D2-all Fl-bg Fl-fg Fl-all SF-bg SF-fg SF-all
All / All 0.49 3.10 1.00 0.49 3.12 1.00 2.60 13.90 4.82 3.02 14.43 5.25
All / Est 0.49 3.10 1.00 0.49 3.12 1.00 2.60 13.90 4.82 3.02 14.43 5.25
Noc / All 0.50 3.10 1.01 0.50 3.30 1.03 2.60 14.35 4.80 3.06 14.91 5.31
Noc / Est 0.50 3.10 1.01 0.50 3.30 1.03 2.60 14.35 4.80 3.06 14.91 5.31
This table as LaTeX

Input Image

D1 Result

D1 Error

D2 Result

D2 Error

Flow Result

Flow Error

Scene Flow Error


Test Image 8

Error D1-bg D1-fg D1-all D2-bg D2-fg D2-all Fl-bg Fl-fg Fl-all SF-bg SF-fg SF-all
All / All 0.34 2.79 0.80 0.35 2.79 0.80 1.35 4.27 1.89 1.66 5.56 2.38
All / Est 0.34 2.79 0.80 0.35 2.79 0.80 1.35 4.27 1.89 1.66 5.56 2.38
Noc / All 0.34 2.79 0.79 0.34 2.79 0.80 1.35 4.27 1.89 1.64 5.56 2.36
Noc / Est 0.34 2.79 0.79 0.34 2.79 0.80 1.35 4.27 1.89 1.64 5.56 2.36
This table as LaTeX

Input Image

D1 Result

D1 Error

D2 Result

D2 Error

Flow Result

Flow Error

Scene Flow Error


Test Image 9

Error D1-bg D1-fg D1-all D2-bg D2-fg D2-all Fl-bg Fl-fg Fl-all SF-bg SF-fg SF-all
All / All 0.42 1.37 0.66 0.42 1.37 0.66 1.35 10.53 3.69 1.69 10.85 4.03
All / Est 0.42 1.37 0.66 0.42 1.37 0.66 1.35 10.53 3.69 1.69 10.85 4.03
Noc / All 0.43 1.44 0.68 0.43 1.43 0.68 1.35 10.53 3.69 1.69 11.21 4.06
Noc / Est 0.43 1.44 0.68 0.43 1.43 0.68 1.35 10.53 3.69 1.69 11.21 4.06
This table as LaTeX

Input Image

D1 Result

D1 Error

D2 Result

D2 Error

Flow Result

Flow Error

Scene Flow Error


Test Image 10

Error D1-bg D1-fg D1-all D2-bg D2-fg D2-all Fl-bg Fl-fg Fl-all SF-bg SF-fg SF-all
All / All 1.37 1.93 1.50 12.64 3.33 10.51 1.57 5.85 2.55 13.56 6.64 11.98
All / Est 1.37 1.93 1.50 12.64 3.33 10.51 1.57 5.85 2.55 13.56 6.64 11.98
Noc / All 1.38 1.93 1.51 6.55 2.12 5.43 1.69 5.85 2.77 7.57 5.41 7.02
Noc / Est 1.38 1.93 1.51 6.55 2.12 5.43 1.69 5.85 2.77 7.57 5.41 7.02
This table as LaTeX

Input Image

D1 Result

D1 Error

D2 Result

D2 Error

Flow Result

Flow Error

Scene Flow Error


Test Image 11

Error D1-bg D1-fg D1-all D2-bg D2-fg D2-all Fl-bg Fl-fg Fl-all SF-bg SF-fg SF-all
All / All 1.04 0.32 0.91 1.43 0.38 1.24 2.86 4.20 3.10 3.54 4.32 3.68
All / Est 1.04 0.32 0.91 1.43 0.38 1.24 2.86 4.20 3.10 3.54 4.32 3.68
Noc / All 1.05 0.32 0.91 1.55 0.33 1.32 2.86 4.21 3.13 3.60 4.05 3.69
Noc / Est 1.05 0.32 0.91 1.55 0.33 1.32 2.86 4.21 3.13 3.60 4.05 3.69
This table as LaTeX

Input Image

D1 Result

D1 Error

D2 Result

D2 Error

Flow Result

Flow Error

Scene Flow Error


Test Image 12

Error D1-bg D1-fg D1-all D2-bg D2-fg D2-all Fl-bg Fl-fg Fl-all SF-bg SF-fg SF-all
All / All 0.54 0.73 0.55 0.67 0.77 0.68 2.58 2.77 2.59 2.76 3.05 2.78
All / Est 0.54 0.73 0.55 0.67 0.77 0.68 2.58 2.77 2.59 2.76 3.05 2.78
Noc / All 0.42 0.73 0.44 0.47 0.77 0.49 1.91 2.77 1.98 2.11 3.05 2.18
Noc / Est 0.42 0.73 0.44 0.47 0.77 0.49 1.91 2.77 1.98 2.11 3.05 2.18
This table as LaTeX

Input Image

D1 Result

D1 Error

D2 Result

D2 Error

Flow Result

Flow Error

Scene Flow Error


Test Image 13

Error D1-bg D1-fg D1-all D2-bg D2-fg D2-all Fl-bg Fl-fg Fl-all SF-bg SF-fg SF-all
All / All 0.70 0.13 0.63 0.92 0.46 0.86 4.13 1.73 3.83 4.34 1.97 4.05
All / Est 0.70 0.13 0.63 0.92 0.46 0.86 4.13 1.73 3.83 4.34 1.97 4.05
Noc / All 0.57 0.13 0.51 0.54 0.34 0.52 2.02 1.37 1.95 2.00 1.62 1.96
Noc / Est 0.57 0.13 0.51 0.54 0.34 0.52 2.02 1.37 1.95 2.00 1.62 1.96
This table as LaTeX

Input Image

D1 Result

D1 Error

D2 Result

D2 Error

Flow Result

Flow Error

Scene Flow Error


Test Image 14

Error D1-bg D1-fg D1-all D2-bg D2-fg D2-all Fl-bg Fl-fg Fl-all SF-bg SF-fg SF-all
All / All 1.26 0.17 1.25 1.71 0.34 1.69 4.18 1.80 4.13 4.36 2.14 4.32
All / Est 1.26 0.17 1.25 1.71 0.34 1.69 4.18 1.80 4.13 4.36 2.14 4.32
Noc / All 1.17 0.17 1.16 1.18 0.34 1.17 2.72 1.80 2.70 2.53 2.14 2.52
Noc / Est 1.17 0.17 1.16 1.18 0.34 1.17 2.72 1.80 2.70 2.53 2.14 2.52
This table as LaTeX

Input Image

D1 Result

D1 Error

D2 Result

D2 Error

Flow Result

Flow Error

Scene Flow Error


Test Image 15

Error D1-bg D1-fg D1-all D2-bg D2-fg D2-all Fl-bg Fl-fg Fl-all SF-bg SF-fg SF-all
All / All 2.55 0.34 2.35 4.83 2.50 4.62 10.79 4.68 10.23 12.09 4.88 11.43
All / Est 2.55 0.34 2.35 4.83 2.50 4.62 10.79 4.68 10.23 12.09 4.88 11.43
Noc / All 2.58 0.34 2.37 3.24 2.50 3.15 8.04 4.68 7.65 9.31 4.88 8.79
Noc / Est 2.58 0.34 2.37 3.24 2.50 3.15 8.04 4.68 7.65 9.31 4.88 8.79
This table as LaTeX

Input Image

D1 Result

D1 Error

D2 Result

D2 Error

Flow Result

Flow Error

Scene Flow Error


Test Image 16

Error D1-bg D1-fg D1-all D2-bg D2-fg D2-all Fl-bg Fl-fg Fl-all SF-bg SF-fg SF-all
All / All 3.62 0.09 3.10 12.99 1.31 11.27 16.19 4.64 14.49 19.17 4.96 17.08
All / Est 3.62 0.09 3.10 12.99 1.31 11.27 16.19 4.64 14.49 19.17 4.96 17.08
Noc / All 3.40 0.09 2.91 6.86 1.31 5.83 9.09 4.64 8.29 12.05 4.96 10.74
Noc / Est 3.40 0.09 2.91 6.86 1.31 5.83 9.09 4.64 8.29 12.05 4.96 10.74
This table as LaTeX

Input Image

D1 Result

D1 Error

D2 Result

D2 Error

Flow Result

Flow Error

Scene Flow Error


Test Image 17

Error D1-bg D1-fg D1-all D2-bg D2-fg D2-all Fl-bg Fl-fg Fl-all SF-bg SF-fg SF-all
All / All 0.75 0.16 0.69 1.43 2.24 1.52 5.04 3.09 4.84 5.62 3.88 5.44
All / Est 0.75 0.16 0.69 1.43 2.24 1.52 5.04 3.09 4.84 5.62 3.88 5.44
Noc / All 0.74 0.16 0.68 1.20 2.24 1.34 3.94 3.09 3.83 4.22 3.88 4.18
Noc / Est 0.74 0.16 0.68 1.20 2.24 1.34 3.94 3.09 3.83 4.22 3.88 4.18
This table as LaTeX

Input Image

D1 Result

D1 Error

D2 Result

D2 Error

Flow Result

Flow Error

Scene Flow Error


Test Image 18

Error D1-bg D1-fg D1-all D2-bg D2-fg D2-all Fl-bg Fl-fg Fl-all SF-bg SF-fg SF-all
All / All 4.11 2.45 3.32 10.09 91.27 48.66 17.73 98.58 56.14 19.29 98.92 57.12
All / Est 4.11 2.45 3.32 10.09 91.27 48.66 17.73 98.58 56.14 19.29 98.92 57.12
Noc / All 3.99 2.45 3.25 5.01 59.61 16.50 10.56 95.47 33.98 11.48 95.00 29.05
Noc / Est 3.99 2.45 3.25 5.01 59.61 16.50 10.56 95.47 33.98 11.48 95.00 29.05
This table as LaTeX

Input Image

D1 Result

D1 Error

D2 Result

D2 Error

Flow Result

Flow Error

Scene Flow Error


Test Image 19

Error D1-bg D1-fg D1-all D2-bg D2-fg D2-all Fl-bg Fl-fg Fl-all SF-bg SF-fg SF-all
All / All 0.64 0.11 0.58 1.57 2.02 1.62 4.94 6.94 5.17 5.05 7.33 5.31
All / Est 0.64 0.11 0.58 1.57 2.02 1.62 4.94 6.94 5.17 5.05 7.33 5.31
Noc / All 0.63 0.11 0.57 0.97 2.02 1.12 3.98 6.94 4.41 4.08 7.33 4.55
Noc / Est 0.63 0.11 0.57 0.97 2.02 1.12 3.98 6.94 4.41 4.08 7.33 4.55
This table as LaTeX

Input Image

D1 Result

D1 Error

D2 Result

D2 Error

Flow Result

Flow Error

Scene Flow Error




eXTReMe Tracker